Skip to main content

Table 3 Relative Risk Ratios for cardiological polypharmacy by gender, socioeconomic factors and disease burden

From: The prevalence and determinants of polypharmacy at age 69: a British birth cohort study

 

Gender Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios

Model One

Model Two

RRR

95% LCI

95% UCI

p

RRR

95% LCI

95% UCI

p

RRR

95% LCI

95% UCI

p

No Medication

(reference)

(reference)

(reference)

Monotherapy (1 Med)

 Gender

  Male

(reference)

  

0.303

(reference)

  

0.245

(reference)

  

0.043

  Female

0.9

0.7

1.1

 

0.9

0.7

1.1

 

0.8

0.6

1.0

 

Educational Qualifications by Age 26

 None

(reference)

  

0.008

(reference)

  

0.003

(reference)

  

0.004

 Vocational or O-Level Level

0.6

0.5

0.9

 

0.6

0.4

0.8

 

0.6

0.4

0.8

 

 A-Level or Higher

0.7

0.5

0.9

 

0.6

0.4

0.8

 

0.6

0.4

0.8

 

Social Class (age 53)

 Manual

(reference)

  

0.933

(reference)

  

0.189

(reference)

  

0.116

 Non-Manual

1.0

0.8

1.3

 

1.2

0.9

1.7

 

1.3

0.9

1.8

 

Number of Diagnosed Diseases

 None

(reference)

  

< 0.001

    

(reference)

  

< 0.001

 One

1.7

1.2

2.3

     

1.7

1.3

2.4

 

 Two

1.9

1.3

2.8

     

2.0

1.4

3.0

 

 Three or More

4.9

3.2

7.4

  

0.9

1.7

 

5.4

3.5

8.3

 

Disease Severity

 No Limiting Conditions

(reference)

  

0.950

    

(reference)

  

0.090

 Limiting Condition

1.0

0.7

1.4

     

0.8

0.6

1.0

 

Polypharmacy (2–4 Meds)

 Gender

  Male

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

  Female

0.7

0.5

0.8

 

0.6

0.5

0.8

 

0.5

0.4

0.6

 

Educational Qualifications by Age 26

 None

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

   

(reference)

  

< 0.001

 Vocational or O-Level Level

0.7

0.5

0.9

 

0.7

0.5

0.9

< 0.001

0.7

0.5

1.0

 

 A-Level or Higher

0.5

0.4

0.7

 

0.5

0.4

0.7

 

0.5

0.4

0.7

 

Social Class (age 53)

 Manual

(reference)

  

0.027

(reference)

  

0.880

(reference)

  

0.626

 Non-Manual

0.8

0.6

1.0

 

1.0

0.8

1.3

 

1.1

0.8

1.4

 

Number of Diagnosed Diseases

 None

(reference)

  

< 0.001

    

(reference)

  

< 0.001

 One

7.4

5.0

10.8

     

7.2

4.9

10.6

 

 Two

13.4

8.8

20.2

     

13.3

8.8

20.2

 

 Three or More

40.2

25.6

63.2

     

39.5

24.8

62.3

 

Disease Severity

 No Limiting Conditions

(reference)

  

< 0.001

    

(reference)

  

0.923

 Limiting Condition

1.8

1.5

2.3

     

1.0

0.8

1.3

 

Extreme Polypharmacy (5+ Meds)

 Gender

  Male

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

  Female

0.4

0.2

0.6

 

0.4

0.2

0.6

 

0.3

0.2

0.4

 

Educational Qualifications by Age 26

 None

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

(reference)

  

< 0.001

 Vocational or O-Level Level

0.4

0.2

0.6

 

0.4

0.2

0.7

 

0.4

0.2

0.8

 

 A-Level or Higher

0.3

0.2

0.4

 

0.3

0.2

0.5

 

0.3

0.2

0.5

 

Social Class (age 53)

 Manual

(reference)

  

0.001

(reference)

  

0.305

(reference)

  

0.852

 Non-Manual

0.5

0.3

0.7

 

0.8

0.5

1.3

 

1.0

0.6

1.6

 

Number of Diagnosed Diseases

 None

(reference)

  

< 0.001

    

(reference)

  

< 0.001

 One

3.2

1.1

9.2

     

3.0

1.0

8.6

 

 Two

13.6

5.0

36.6

     

11.8

4.3

32.2

 

 Three or More

86.5

33.1

226.3

     

66.8

25.0

178.5

 

Disease Severity

 No Limiting Conditions

(reference)

  

< 0.001

    

(reference)

  

0.056

 Limiting Condition

4.0

2.6

6.2

     

1.6

1.0

2.6

 
  1. Model One: Gender, Education & Social Class. Model Two: Gender, Education, Social Class, Disease Burden & Severity
  2. Risk ratios rounded to a single decimal place
Back to article page

BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us