Table 6 Summary Quantitative Studies and Critical Appraisal Checklista (n = 24)
Criteria | Yes | No |
|---|---|---|
1. Are the aims and objectives of the study clearly stated? | 24 | 0 |
2. Are the hypotheses and research questions clearly specified? | 24 | 0 |
3. Are the dependent and independent variables clearly stated? | 23 | 1 |
4. Have the variables been adequately operationalized? | 23 | 1 |
5. Is the design of the study adequately described? | 24 | 0 |
6. Are the research methods appropriate? | 22 | 2 |
7. Were the instruments used appropriate and adequately tested for reliability and validity? | 16 | 8 |
8. Is there an adequate description of the source of the sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, response rates, and (in the case of longitudinal research and post-test in experiments) sample attrition? | 20 | 4 |
9. Was the statistical power of the study to detect or reject differences (types I and II error) discussed critically? | 5 | 19 |
10. Are ethical considerations presented? | 5 | 19 |
11. Was the study piloted? | 11 | 13 |
12. Were the statistical analyses appropriate and adequate? | 22 | 2 |
13. Are the results clear and adequately reported? | 23 | 1 |
14. Does the discussion of the results report them in the light of the hypotheses of the study and other relevant literature? | 22 | 2 |
15. Are the limitations of the research and its design presented? | 20 | 4 |
16. Does the discussion generalize and draw conclusion beyond the limits of the data and number and type of people studied? | 11 | 13 |
17. Can the findings be generalized to other relevant population and time periods? | 21 | 3 |
18. Are the implications-practical or theoretical-of the research discussed? | 12 | 12 |
19. Who was the sponsor of the study, and was there a conflict of interest? | 11 | 2 (11 NI) |