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Table 4 Step 3 - Step-wise regression analyses to assess the predictive gain of using facial descriptors to infer pain in others compared to (a) an overall pain intensity estimate rating or (b) an overall pained expression estimate

From: Using observational facial descriptors to infer pain in persons with and without dementia

Blocks

Predictors

r

R2

Change in R2

F value of the change

Significance of the change (p-value)

a

1

Pain intensity estimate (“How intense is the pain the individual is experiencing?”)

.075

.006

   

2

Opened mouth/Raising upper lip/Frowning/Narrowing eyes/Looking frightened/Looking tense/Tightened lips

.311

.097

.091

17.06

<.001

b

1

Pained expression estimate (“How intense is the pained expression?”)

.054

.003

   

2

Opened mouth/Raising upper lip/Frowning/Narrowing eyes/Looking frightened/Looking tense/Tightened lips

.309

.095

.092

17.10

<.001

  1. Criterion: self-report of pain of the videotaped individuals