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Table 3 Descriptive statistics and associations for each DEAP variable with DEAP homelikeness and functionality scores (n = 82 dining rooms)

From: Construct validity of the Dining Environment Audit Protocol: a secondary data analysis of the Making Most of Mealtimes (M3) study

 

Homelikeness

Functionality

Variable

Dining Room %(n)

Mean (SD)

β

P-value

Mean (SD)

β

P-value

% of residents with a clear view of the garden

 ≤ 24%

10.98 (9)

3.56 (0.73)

–

<0.0001d*

4.56 (1.13)

–

0.11d

 25–49%

4.88 (4)

2.5 (1.73)

−1.06

5.5 (0.58)

0.94

 50–74%

25.61 (21)

5.05 (1.20)

1.49

5.10 (0.94)

0.54

 75%+

58.54 (48)

4.63 (1.36)

1.07

5.5 (1.22)

0.94

Lighting intensity

 Poor

3.66 (3)

6.00 (0)

–

0.17d

4.33 (0.58)

–

0.003d*

 Reasonable

47.56 (39)

4.51 (1.40)

1.49

4.95 (1.02)

0.62

 Plenty

48.78 (40)

4.40 (1.43)

1.60

5.7 (1.16)

1.37

Glare

 Strong

10.98 (9)

4.44 (1.01)

–

0.65

5.56 (1.01)

–

0.51

 Some

65.85 (54)

4.61 (1.51)

0.17

5.33 (1.05)

−0.22

 Minimal

23.17 (19)

4.26 (1.28)

−0.18

5.05 (1.47)

−0.50

Respecting/ responding to resident opinion on light, noise and temperaturea

 No

40.00 (28)

4.00 (1.39)

–

0.01d*

4.90 (1.03)

–

0.01d*

 Yes

60.00 (42)

4.86 (1.39)

0.86

5.55 (0.99)

0.66

Size of dining room

 Institutional

23.17 (19)

4.21 (1.72)

–

0.35

5.42 (0.96)

–

0.23d

 Moderate

41.46 (34)

4.77 (1.16)

0.55

5.47 (1.02)

0.05

 Homelike

35.37 (29)

4.41 (1.45)

0.20

5.0 (1.36)

−0.42

Pathway length

 Long

18.29 (15)

4.27 (1.87)

–

0.56

5.4 (1.12)

–

0.78

 Moderate

46.34 (38)

4.68 (1.19)

0.42

5.34 (1.05)

−0.06

 Short

35.37 (29)

4.41 (1.43)

0.15

5.17 (1.31)

−0.23

Obstacles/ clutter

 None

36.59 (30)

4.57 (1.28)

–

0.95

6.03 (0.96)

–

<0.0001d*

 Some

54.88 (45)

4.47 (1.52)

−0.10

5.04 (0.90)

−0.99

 Several

8.54 (7)

4.57 (1.40)

0.00

3.71 (1.11)

−2.32

Physical environment supporting supervision

 Low

9.76 (8)

4.63 (1.30)

–

0.29

5.13 (1.36)

–

0.21d

 Moderate

31.71 (26)

4.85 (1.38)

0.22

5.0 (0.89)

−0.13

 Good

58.54 (48)

4.31 (1.43)

−0.31

5.48 (1.22)

0.35

Mix seating arrangements

 One

42.68 (35)

4.14 (1.56)

–

0.12d

5.37 (1.24)

–

0.74

 Few

48.78 (40)

4.8 (1.24)

0.66

5.28 (1.11)

−0.10

 Multiple

8.54 (7)

4.71 (1.25)

0.57

5.0 (1.00)

−0.37

Adjustable tables

 No

59.76 (49)

4.41 (1.50)

–

0.42

5.29 (1.21)

–

0.95

 Yes

40.24 (33)

4.67 (1.27)

0.26

5.30 (1.07)

0.017

Contrast between dish and table

 No

32.10 (26)

4.19 (1.33)

–

0.19d

5.08 (1.23)

–

0.22d

 Yes

67.90 (55)

4.64 (1.43)

0.44

5.42 (1.10)

0.34

Contrast between table and floor

 No

47.56 (39)

4.56 (1.27)

–

0.75

5.21 (1.15)

–

0.51

 Yes

52.44 (43)

4.47 (1.53)

−0.10

5.37 (1.16)

0.17

Rounded edges of furnitureb

 No

45.00 (36)

4.67 (1.46)

–

0.59

5.67 (0.93)

–

0.02d*

 Yes

55.00 (44)

4.5 (1.53)

−0.17

5.07 (1.21)

−0.60

Posted menu

 No

32.93 (27)

3.81 (1.21)

–

0.001d*

4.93 (1.04)

–

0.04d*

 Yes

67.07 (55)

4.85 (1.38)

1.04

5.47 (1.17)

0.55

Detergent/ non-edibles secured

 No

4.88 (4)

5.50 (1.29)

–

0.15d

5.50 (1.29)

–

0.71

 Yes

95.12 (78)

4.46 (1.40)

−1.04

5.28 (1.15)

−0.22

Stove and other dangerous items secured

 No

12.20 (10)

5.6 (1.17)

–

0.01d*

5.8 (0.79)

–

0.14d

 Yes

87.80 (72)

4.36 (1.38)

−1.24

5.22 (1.18)

−0.58

Servery / pass through

 No

45.12 (37)

4.41 (1.48)

–

0.54

5.24 (1.23)

–

0.73

 Yes

54.88 (45)

4.6 (1.36)

0.19

5.33 (1.09)

0.09

Television

 No

68.29 (56)

4.39 (1.41)

–

0.26

5.29 (1.22)

–

0.94

 Yes

31.71 (26)

4.77 (1.39)

0.38

5.31 (1.01)

0.02

Clock

 No

15.85 (13)

3.62 (1.26)

–

0.01d*

4.69 (1.18)

–

0.04d*

 Yes

84.15 (69)

4.68 (1.38)

1.07

5.41 (1.12)

0.71

Dining room open between meals

 No

21.95 (18)

4.5 (1.34)

–

0.97

5.39 (0.98)

–

0.69

 Yes

78.05 (64)

4.52 (1.44)

0.016

5.27 (1.20)

−0.12

Adjacent family kitchen

 No

73.17 (60)

4.56 (1.38)

–

0.69

5.28 (1.21)

–

0.90

 Yes

26.83 (22)

4.41 (1.50)

−0.14

5.32 (0.99)

0.03

Short distance from most bedrooms

 No

79.27 (65)

4.71 (1.37)

–

0.01d*

5.31 (1.16)

–

0.82

 Yes

20.73 (17)

3.76 (1.35)

−0.94

5.24 (1.15)

−0.07

Private family dining area

 No

65.85 (54)

4.39 (1.45)

–

0.27

5.17 (1.21)

–

0.17d

 Yes

34.15 (28)

4.75 (1.32)

0.36

5.54 (1.00)

0.36

Accessible washrooms near dining roomb

 No

46.25 (37)

4.32 (1.43)

–

0.41

5.16 (1.43)

–

0.28

 Yes

53.75 (43)

4.58 (1.35)

0.26

5.44 (1.16)

0.28

Dining rooms visually accessible from most bedrooms

 No

96.34 (79)

4.58 (1.37)

–

0.02d*

5.37 (1.10)

–

0.002d*

 Yes

3.66(3)

2.67 (1.15)

−1.92

3.33 (0.58)

−2.03

Accessible beverage service

 No

57.32 (47)

4.34 (1.54)

–

0.20d

5.13 (1.21)

–

0.14d

 Yes

42.68 (35)

4.74 (1.20)

0.40

5.51 (1.04)

0.39

Accessible main kitchen/ servery

 No

73.17 (60)

4.55 (1.41)

–

0.69

5.40 (1.11)

–

0.16d

 Yes

26.83 (22)

4.41 (1.44)

−0.14

5.00 (1.23)

−0.40

Use of restraintsc

 No

53.42 (39)

4.59 (1.46)

–

0.28

5.56 (0.94)

–

0.06d

 Yes

46.58 (34)

4.24 (1.28)

−0.35

5.06 (1.28)

−0.51

Continuous Variables

Variables

Mean (SD) {Tertile Range}

Correlation

β

P-Value

Correlation

β

P-Value

Ease of pathway total score

6.57 (1.59) {4,6,9}

0.01

0.02

0.81

0.17

1.10

0.30

# of tables

9.82 (6.11) {0,8,31}

0.07

0.02

0.50

0.01

11.02

0.29

# of stools

2.66 (3.03) {0,2,12}

0.12

0.04

0.42

0.05

1.14

0.94

# of chairs

13.68 (7.92)

{0,12,38}

0.20

0.04

0.05d*

0.09

0.00

0.12d

# of exits

2.80 (1.44) {1,2, 9}

−0.11

−0.12

0.24

0.29

2.36

0.01d*

  1. Abbreviations: n number of dining rooms, SD standard deviation
  2. an = 70 due to the removal of the “unknown” category
  3. bn = 80 due to missing data
  4. cn = 73 due to the removal of the “unknown” category
  5. dVariable included in regression analysis as p < 0.25
  6. *indicate a p-value of <0.05
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