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Table 2 Multivariate linear regression models of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score among participants from the Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians Study

From: Lower body functioning and correlates among older American Indians: The Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Consequences in American Indians Study

 

Balance score

Gait score

Chair Stand score

Total score

 

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Age (per 5 years)

−0.31

(−0.38, −0.23)

−0.31

(−0.37, −0.25)

−0.29

(−0.36, −0.22)

−0.91

(−1.07, −0.74)

Male gender

0.12

(−0.07, 0.31)

0.42

(0.26, 0.57)

0.25

(0.07, 0.42)

0.78

(0.37, 1.19)

Study site

 Northern Plains

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Southern Plains

0.31

(0.13, 0.50)

0.01

(−0.15, 0.16)

0.09

(−0.09, 0.26)

0.41

(0.00, 0.82)

 Southwest

−0.15

(−0.43, 0.14)

−0.13

(−0.37, 0.11)

−0.06

(−0.33, 0.21)

−0.33

(−0.96, 0.29)

Married

0.29

(0.10, 0.48)

0.25

(0.10, 0.41)

0.39

(0.21, 0.57)

0.93

(0.52, 1.34)

Educational attainment

 Less than high school diploma

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 High school graduate

0.45

(0.19, 0.71)

0.37

(0.16, 0.58)

0.36

(0.12, 0.61)

1.19

(0.62, 1.75)

 Some college or greater

0.56

(0.32, 0.79)

0.58

(0.39, 0.78)

0.44

(0.21, 0.66)

1.58

(1.05, 2.10)

Annual household income

 < $25,000

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 $25,000–50,000

0.31

(0.11, 0.51)

0.37

(0.20, 0.53)

0.38

(0.19, 0.56)

1.05

(0.62, 1.48)

  ≥ $50,000

0.43

(0.12, 0.75)

0.45

(0.19, 0.71)

0.69

(0.40, 0.98)

1.57

(0.89, 2.25)

BMI

 ≤ 24.9 kg/m2

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 25–29.9 kg/m2

−0.12

(−0.40, 0.15)

−0.11

(−0.34, 0.12)

−0.04

(−0.30, 0.23)

−0.27

(−0.87, 0.34)

 ≥ 30 kg/m2

−0.11

(−0.37, 0.15)

−0.03

(−0.25, 0.18)

−0.10

(−0.35, 0.14)

−0.24

(−0.81, 0.32)

Waist-hip ratio (per 0.1)

−0.27

(−0.41, −0.13)

−0.20

(−0.32, −0.08)

−0.24

(−0.38, −0.11)

−0.71

(−1.02, −0.41)

3MS score (per 10 points)

0.42

(0.33, 0.51)

0.38

(0.30, 0.45)

0.28

(0.19, 0.36)

1.08

(0.88, 1.27)

CES-D score (per 8 points)

−0.20

(−0.28, −0.11)

−0.17

(−0.24, −0.10)

−0.22

(−0.30, −0.14)

−0.59

(−0.77, −0.40)

Depression (CES-D ≥ 16)

−0.42

(−0.63, −0.21)

−0.32

(−0.50, −0.15)

−0.50

(−0.69, −0.30)

−1.24

(−1.70, −0.79)

Grip strength (per 6 kg)

0.30

(0.23, 0.38)

0.26

(0.20, 0.33)

0.25

(0.18, 0.32)

0.82

(0.66, 0.97)

Hypertension

−0.38

(−0.60, −0.16)

−0.27

(−0.45, −0.08)

−0.24

(−0.45, −0.03)

−0.89

(−1.37, −0.40)

Diabetes mellitus

−0.60

(−0.77, −0.42)

−0.40

(−0.54, −0.26)

−0.54

(−0.70, −0.38)

−1.54

(−1.91, −1.16)

Heart disease

−0.38

(−0.57, −0.19)

−0.25

(−0.41, −0.09)

−0.40

(−0.58, −0.23)

−1.03

(−1.45, −0.62)

Self-reported prior stroke

−0.62

(−0.94, −0.31)

−0.33

(−0.59, −0.07)

−0.36

(−0.65, −0.07)

−1.32

(−2.00, −0.63)

Current smoker

−0.14

(−0.36, 0.07)

0.13

(−0.05, 0.31)

−0.06

(−0.26, 0.15)

−0.08

(−0.56, 0.40)

Alcohol consumption in last 30 days

0.03

(−0.23, 0.29)

0.24

(0.02, 0.45)

0.15

(−0.10, 0.40)

0.41

(−0.16, 0.99)

Use OTC pain medications

−0.06

(−0.25, 0.12)

0.00

(−0.16, 0.15)

−0.08

(−0.25, 0.09)

−0.15

(−0.55, 0.26)

  1. Each line represents a separate model. All models adjusted for age category, gender, and study site. β = beta coefficient; 95% CI 95% confidence interval, BMI Body mass index; 3MSE Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, CES-D Centers for Epidemiological Studies depression scale, OTC Over the counter