Fig. 1

Changes in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study Frailty Index (CFI) per a 5-year period in women aged 50+ years without prior low-trauma fracture: Significant predictors. Plots represent statistically significant risk factors shown in the multivariable-adjusted model (Additional file 2: Table S9). Parameter estimates are regression coefficients that denote the mean change (increase: the value >0, and decrease: the value <0) in the CFI score per a 5-year period for one unit change/category in a predictor. NHNVF denotes non-hip-non-clinical vertebral fracture, VF denotes clinical vertebral fracture; ref. denotes the reference group; MMSE denotes Mini Mental State Examination score and the value represents a decrease in frailty over 5 years per a 3.72-point change in the score. The parameter estimate for physical activity denotes a decrease in frailty per 1000 kilocals weekly; for SF-36 scores, decreases in frailty over 5 years are calculated per a 5-point change in the score