Table 2 Demographic characteristics, functional assessments, skin conditions and biophysical skin measurements
|  | Gender n (%) | Care dependency (Barthel – Index)d n (%) | Total (n = 223) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female 151 (67.7) | Male 72 (32.3) | Score: 100–60 71 (31.8) | Score: 59–20,116 (52.0) | Score: 19–0 35 (15.7) | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Age [years] | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 84.9 (8.0) | 80.7 (7.3) | 83.0 (7.8) | 83.9 (8.1) | 83.3 (8.2) | 83.6 (8.0)a |
 Median (IQR) | 85 (78.0–91.0) | 80 (76.0–86.0) | 84.0 (77.0–89.0) | 85.0 (78.0–90.0) | 80.0 (78.0–89.0) | 84.0 (78.0–89.0)a |
BMI [kg/m2] | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 25.5 (5.5)q | 24.9 (4.3)k | 25.3 (4.9)x | 25.6 (5.1)z | 24.6 (5.5) | 25.3 (5.1)b |
 Median (IQR) | 25.0 (21.8–28.4)q | 24.5 (21.8–28.3)k | 24.7 (21.6–28.7)x | 25.3 (21.9–28.3)z | 24.1 (21.7–26.9) | 24.6 (21.9–28.3)b |
Functional assessments | ||||||
Braden Total score | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 17.0 (3.7)o | 17.9 (3.6) | 20.7 (1.8) | 16.5 (2.9) | 13.0 (3.0) | 17.3 (3.7)d |
 Median (IQR) | 17.0 (14.0–20.0)o | 18.5 (15.0–21.0) | 21.0 (20.0–22.0) | 16.0 (14.3–18.0) | 12.0 (12.0–14.0) | 18.0 (14.0–21.0)d |
6-CIT score | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 21.9 (10.4) | 18.4 (11.4) | 16.8 (11.9) | 21.7 (10.4) | 25.6 (6.5) | 20.8 (10.8)a |
 Median (IQR) | 28.0 (18.0–28.0) | 28.0 (6.0–28.0) | 25.0 (4.0–28.0) | 28.0 (16.5–28.0) | 28.0 (28.0–28.0) | 28.0 (10.0–28.0)a |
  ≥ 8, n (%) | 123 (81.5) | 51 (70.8) | 48 (67.6) | 92 (79.3) | 33 (94.3) | 172 (77.1)a |
Skin conditions | ||||||
Xerosis cutis, Overall Dry Skin Score (arms) | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) |
 Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) |
Xerosis cutis, Overall Dry Skin Score (legs) | ||||||
 Mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.0)l | 2.1 (1.0)m | 2.1 (1.0)3 | 2.1 (1.0)15 | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.0)n |
 Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0)l | 2.0 (1.5–3.0)m | 2.0 (1.9–3.0)3 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0)15 | 2.0 (1.0–2.5) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0)n |
Pressure ulcer (I-V/DTI) n, % | 14 (9.3) | 6 (8.3) | 4 (5.6) | 9 (7.8) | 6 (17.1) | 20/223 (9.0) |
Pressure ulcer (II-V/DTI) n, % | 4 (2.6) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (2.6) | 3 (8.6) | 8/223 (3.6) |
Skin tears (n, %) | 8 (5.3) | 6 (8.3) | 5 (7.0) | 6 (5.2) | 3 (8.6) | 14/223 (6.3) |
Incontinence associated dermatitis (n, %) | 51 (33.8) | 28 (38.9) | 24 (33.8) | 47 (40.5) | 8 (22.9) | 79/223 (35.4) |
Biophysical skin measurements (Mean, SD) | ||||||
Midvolar forearm | ||||||
Transepidermal water loss, temperature adjusted, g/m2/h | 11.3 (8.1)o | 11.1 (7.6) | 11.3 (7.8) | 11.9 (9.0)13 | 9.0 (2.2) | 10.4 (7.2) |
Stratum corneum hydration (a.u.) | 41.7 (9.8)o | 40.1 (8.7) | 41.3 (8.8) | 41.4 (9.5)13 | 40.1 (10.8) | 41.2 (9.5) |
Skin surface pH | 5.1 (0.6)o | 5.0 (0.7)k | 5.1 (0.6)3 | 5.1 (0.6)13 | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.6) |
Skin surface temperature | 30.8 (1.3)p | 31.2 (1.2) | 31.2 (1.2) | 30.8 (1.3)14 | 30.9 (1.3) | 30.9 (1.3) |
Lower leg | ||||||
 Transepidermal water loss, temperature adjusted, g/m2/h | 8.7 (6.9)p | 8.8 (7.2) | 9.6 (8.7) | 8.7 (6.8)13 | 7.1 (2.1)12 | 8.3 (6.2) |
 Stratum corneum hydration (a.u.) | 35.3 (10.2)o | 32.8 (10.1) | 32.5 (9.9) | 35.2 (10.6)13 | 36.3 (9.4) | 34.5 (10.2) |
 Skin surface pH | 5.4 (0.6)l | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.6)3 | 5.4 (0.6)6 | 5.4 (0.6) | 5.3 (0.6) |
 Skin surfaces temperature | 30.4 (1.4)i | 30.8 (1.4) | 30.7 (1.2)3 | 30.4 (1.5)14 | 30.5 (1.5) | 30.5 (1.4) |