Distinctive subgroups derived by cluster analysis based on pain and psychological symptoms in Swedish older adults with chronic pain – a population study (PainS65+)

Table 3 External variables concerning health aspects and costs in the subgroups and comparisons among the subgroups

Variables (mean ± SD)	Subgroup 1* (n = 325)	Subgroup 2^† (n = 516)	Subgroup 3^‡ (n = 686)	Subgroup 4^§ (n = 767)	p value^a
EQ-5D-index	0.41 ± 0.4	0.56 ± 0.3	0.69 ± 0.2	0.76 ± 0.1	<0.001
EQ-5D-VAS (0–100)	45.9 ± 21.0	57.2 ± 21.6	64.3 ± 19.9	75.9 ± 17.2	<0.001
GWBS general health	5.1 ± 3.1	8.7 ± 5.1	9.8 ± 4.6	12.3 ± 2.1	<0.001
Insomnia	14.4 ± 5.2	11.7 ± 4.9	10.5 ± 4.5	7.5 ± 4.3	<0.001
Outpatient annual care cost (Euros)	2937 ± 3948	2586 ± 3580	2002 ± 3163	1751 ± 3335	<0.001
Inpatient annual care cost (Euros)	2368 ± 7948	1778 ± 6901	1395 ± 5975	878 ± 3782	<0.001
Pain drug annual cost (Euros)	116 ± 303	101 ± 236	35 ± 103	25 ± 88	<0.001
Total annual drug cost (Euros)	890 ± 1462	733 ± 1410	510 ± 942	406 ± 913	<0.001
Total annual health care cost (Euros)	6200 ± 10,405	5098 ± 9170	3907 ± 8526	3030 ± 6014	<0.001

EQ-5Dindex = The European quality of life instrument; EQ-5D-VAS (0–100) = The European quality of life instrument thermometer-like scale, GWBS = General Well-being Schedule; *Subgroup 1 = older adults with moderate pain and high psychological symptoms; ^†Subgroup 2 = older adults with high pain and moderate psychological symptoms; ^‡Subgroup 3 = older adults with low pain and moderate psychological symptoms; ^§Subgroup 4 = older adults with low pain without psychological symptoms; ^aOne way ANOVA; SD = standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-2318