Table 2 Description of interventions included in the review

Drey 2012 [28, 34]

12 weeks. All received 8 weeks Vitamin D supplementation prior to randomisation, stratified by baseline level.

2 × 60 minute sessions per week

Power training (PT): Walking, balance exercises and upper and lower body progressive explosive resistance training using a “Bodyspider” machine.

Trained instructors in an exercise room in a clinical setting.

Attendance: mean 68%, median (range) 88% (25–96)

2 × 60 minute sessions per week

Strength training (ST):Walking, balance exercises and upper and lower progressive resistance training using a “Bodyspider” machine.

Trained instructors in an exercise room in a clinical setting.

Attendance: mean 80%, median (range) 92% (83–96)

n/a

Control: maintain current activity and invited to 2 physical activity and nutrition lectures.

n/a

n/a

Daniel 2012 [30]

15 weeks

3 × 45 minute exercise sessions per week

Wii-fit: Nintendo Wii basic games (e.g. bowling, tennis and boxing) plus a weight vest carried out in small groups.

Study staff, location not reported.

86% attendance

3 × 45 minute exercise sessions per week

Seated exercise: Progressive exercises to increase lower and upper body strength and flexibility, seated or using chairs for support, plus walking and stretching.

group led by certified fitness instructor at study site

86% attendance

n/a

Control: usual physical activity and exercise.

n/a

n/a

Binder 2002 [26, 33]

9 months

3 sessions per week (duration not reported)

Exercise: 3 progressive 3mo phases of balance, flexibility, coordination, reaction speed and strength exercises.

Group exercise sessions supervised by 3 exercise physiology technicians at university indoor exercise facility.

100% - Participants were required to undertake all sessions before progressing to the next stage. Intervention completed in 422 ± 85 days.

2–3 times per week, plus monthly exercise class to enhance adherence.

Control: low-intensity flexibility exercise programme.

Unsupervised home programme

Home participants completed the programme in 250 ± 65 days. Compliance recorded on a calendar but not rigorously monitored.

Kwon 2015 [29]

12 weeks

1 × 1 hour exercise plus 1 × 2–3 h cooking class per week

Exercise training and nutrition: Exercise: group strength and balance training Nutrition: cooking class including food preparation, nutrition guidance, cooking instructions, cooking practice, eating together and tidying up, focussing on protein- and vitamin D-rich foods.

Exercise supervised by a health fitness trainer (+1 physician and 2 assistants) at research centre, with materials for home practice. Cooking class run by 4 dieticians.

Not reported

1 × 1 hour per week

Exercise training: group strength and balance training

Supervised by a health fitness trainer (+1 physician and 2 assistants) at research centre, with materials for home practice.

Not reported

Monthly

Control: group general health education sessions (physical training for falls prevention and urinary incontinence, dietary guidance for healthy ageing)

Research centre, provided by health fitness trainer, physician and dietician.

n/a

Lustosa 2011 [31, 35]

10 weeks per group

3 × 1 hour per week

Exercise: Small group lower limb resistance exercises.

Supervised by a physiotherapist (setting not reported)

Not reported

n/a

Control: continue normal activities of daily life without training

n/a

n/a

Brown 2000 [27]

3 months

3 exercise sessions per week

Exercise: 22 progressive flexibility, balance, body handling skills, speed of reaction, coordination and strength group exercises.

Outpatient rehabilitation fitness centre (professional not reported).

100% - Participants required to complete all sessions prior to outcome assessment.

Home frequency not reported, monthly supervised session

Control: home range of motion exercises, plus on-site exercise once a month.

Home (unsupervised). Supervising professional not reported.

“Self report by the participants and the significant improvements in range-of-motion values indicate that home exercises were done by subjects” (p.964)

Upatising 2013 [32]

12 months

n/a

Telemonitoring: Equipment installed in participant’s home and blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, blood glucose and weight measured as per an individualised protocol.

Data reviewed by healthcare team, with person or physician contact as needed

Not reported

n/a

Usual care: face-to-face visits, phone services and home health care as needed.

Usual services

n/a