Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of participants
Gender | Male | Female | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
80 | 234 | 314 | ||
Age | mean | 75.9 | 77.9 | 77.4 |
SD | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | |
65–69 | 19 | 33 | 52 | |
70–74 | 21 | 54 | 75 | |
75–79 | 17 | 56 | 73 | |
80–84 | 18 | 65 | 83 | |
85- | 5 | 26 | 31 | |
Physicians-diagnosed locomotive disorders | ||||
Knee Osteoarthritis | 28 | 108 | 136 | |
Osteoporosis | 0 | 67 | 67 | |
Spinal Canal Stenosis | 25 | 33 | 58 | |
Degenerative Spondylosis | 9 | 45 | 54 | |
Low Back Pain | 9 | 27 | 36 | |
Joint diseases | 11 | 16 | 27 | |
vertebral fracture | 1 | 18 | 19 | |
Lower Limb fracture | 3 | 15 | 18 | |
Hip Osteoarthritis | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
Upper Limb fracture | 1 | 8 | 9 | |
Others | 23 | 33 | 56 | |
Number of locomotive disorders per participant | ||||
1 | 49 | 112 | 161 | |
2 | 19 | 67 | 86 | |
3< | 7 | 40 | 47 | |
Comorbidity | ||||
Hypertension | 47 | 127 | 174 | |
Disorder of lipid metabolism | 9 | 45 | 54 | |
Cataract | 9 | 37 | 46 | |
Diabetes Mellitus | 15 | 29 | 44 | |
Cardiovascular diseases | 11 | 33 | 44 | |
Bronchial Asthma | 4 | 7 | 11 | |
Others | 35 | 64 | 99 | |
Number of comorbidities per participant | ||||
0 | 9 | 37 | 46 | |
1 | 33 | 100 | 133 | |
2 | 22 | 62 | 84 | |
≧3 | 16 | 35 | 51 | |
Functional performance tests | mean | SD | range | median |
Leg extension power (kg) | 51.7 | 29.5 | 3.5–177.5 | 47.5 |
One leg standing time with eyes open (sec) | 17.5 | 19.6 | 0–60 | 9.1 |
Grip power (kg) | 20.8 | 6.9 | 6.0–44.0 | 20.0 |
100 steps time (sec) | 58.2 | 11.8 | 36.0–128.0 | 56.0 |
Trunk forward bending distance (cm) | 27.1 | 9.6 | 3.0–52.5 | 28.5 |
Laboratory findings | mean | SD | range | median |
Lumbosacral Angle (degree) | 30.9 | 19.1 | −37.9 - 73.1 | 32.4 |
Femorotibial Angle (degree) | 179.1 | 4.8 | 166.9–198.4 | 178.3 |
Bone density; %YAM | 78.2 | 17.5 | 40.0–166.0 | 77.0 |
Hyaluronic Acid (ng/ml) | 124.6 | 103.1 | 15.2–800.0 | 95.9 |
Vitamin D;25-OH D (ng/ml) | 46.1 | 22.4 | 7.0–145.0 | 44.0 |
Numbers of participants with pain locations | N | Prevalence (%) | ||
low back pain | 212 | 76.5 | ||
gluteal pain | 94 | 27.3 | ||
sciatic pain | 44 | 14.9 | ||
knee pain | 203 | 64.6 | ||
Numbers of participants with limited joint movement | N | Prevalence (%) | ||
hip | 52 | 16.5 | ||
knee | 102 | 32.5 | ||
Number of participants whose muscles strength >MMT 4 | N | Prevalence (%) | ||
iliopsoas | 220 | 70.1 | ||
quadriceps | 157 | 50.0 | ||
anterior tibialis | 87 | 27.7 | ||
Numbers of participant who received therapeutic exercise (with overlapping) | ||||
therapeutic exercise | 184 | |||
muscle strengthening exercise | trunk muscles | 30 | ||
quadriceps | 97 | |||
mixed | 35 | |||
balance training | 17 | |||
stretching | 78 | |||
other exercises | 86 | |||