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Table 4 Means and effect sizes on secondary outcome measures, calculated from means of each outcome in the groups at T2 and T4

From: Podiatry intervention versus usual care to prevent falls in care homes: pilot randomised controlled trial (the PIRFECT study)

Measure

Podiatry intervention group (n = 23)

Control group (n = 20)

Standardised effect sizea Cohen’s d (95% CI)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T1

T2

T3

T4

T2

T4

Timed Up and Go Testb(seconds), Mean (SD)

43.1 (42.3)

67.8 (62.6)

69.3 (78.9)

93.0 (105.7)

48.1 (28.6)

66.0 (47.6)

60.1 (36.8)

61.8 (55.8)

0 (−0.6 to 0.5)

−0.4 (−0.9 to 0.2)

Ankle joint strength (Newtons)c, Mean (SD)

 Dorsiflexion

40.0 (12.5)

48.4 (18.8)

47.8 (12.5)

53.3 (12.8)

39.7 (17.1)

49.4 (14.2)

54.1 (9.9)

55.4 (12.6)

0 (−0.6 to 0.5)

−0.1 (−0.8 to 0.4)

 Plantarflexion

63.4 (25.8)

73.7 (22.3)

75.0 (18.4)

80.2 (14.9)

63.8 (24.3)

88.8 (22.0)

84.1 (14.7)

87.7 (10.4)

−0.7 (−1.3 to −0.1)

−0.6 (−1.2 to 0.0)

Berg Balance Scaled, Mean (SD)

30.1 (13.2)

29.7 (13.9)

28.6 (14.1)

26.7 (13.7)

22.7 (12.1)

26.1 (12.4)

26.5 (12.0)

26.2 (11.1)

0.3 (−0.3 to 0.9)

0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6)

EQ5D UK Index Scoree, Mean (SD)

0.7 (0.3)

0.6 (0.3)

0.6 (0.2)

0.6 (0.3)

0.5 (0.1)

0.4 (0.3)

0.6 (0.2)

0.6 (0.3)

0.6 (0.0 to 1.3)

0 (−0.6 to 0.6)

Barthel Indexf, Mean (SD)

77.0 (16.1)

71.9 (20.8)

73.2 (19.3)

71.5 (19.0)

73.8 (12.3)

71.1 (16.4)

72.8 (15.2)

68.5 (17.2)

0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6)

0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8)

Nursing Home Falls Self-Efficacy Scaleg, Mean (SD)

2.4 (0.7)

2.4 (0.1)

2.3 (0.9)

2.6 (0.9)

2.5 (0.8)

2.5 (0.8)

2.5 (0.1)

2.5 (0.9)

−0.2 (−0.8 to 0.4)

0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7)

Podiatry Objective Clinical Scoreh Mean (SD)

2.6 (0.6)

2.9 (0.7)

2.7 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

2.6 (0.5)

2.8 (0.7)

3.0 (0.7)

2.8 (0.7)

−0.1 (−0.7 to 0.4)

0.3 (−0.3 to 0.9)

  1. T1 Baseline, T2 Follow up at end of intervention, T3 Follow up 3 months after end of intervention, T4 Follow up 6 months after end of intervention
  2. aDerived from the difference in means of the 2 groups; positive value favours intervention
  3. bHigher time denotes poorer performance; >30 s indicates falls risk
  4. cMean left and right score for each participant; higher score = better strength
  5. dMin = 0, Max = 56; higher score indicates better performance
  6. e0 = worst possible health state, 1 = best possible health state
  7. f0–20 = total dependency, 21–60 = severe dependency, 61–90 = moderate dependency, 91–99 = slight dependency
  8. gReverse-coded such that a higher score indicates less concern about falling
  9. h2 = slight problems, 3 = moderate problems, 4 = severe problems, 5 = gross problem