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Table 4 Odds ratios of cognitive impairment for inadequate access to healthcare by urban-rural residence among adults aged 65 and older in China, CLHLS 2005–2014

From: Urban-rural differences in the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes among older adults in China

 

Urban

Rural

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model I

Model II

Model III

Inadequate access to healthcare (no)

1.30+

1.25

0.92

3.27***

3.01***

2.45***

Sociodemographics

 Age

1.07***

1.07***

1.04***

1.09***

1.09***

1.08***

 Men (women)

0.85

0.87

0.86

0.81***

0.81**

0.74***

 Currently married (no)

0.54***

0.55**

0.60**

0.75***

0.77**

0.85*

 Coresidence with children (no)

0.70**

0.71**

0.66***

0.88+

0.89+

0.91

 1–6 years of schooling (0)

0.68***

0.66**

0.70***

0.56***

0.56***

0.60***

 7+ years of schooling (0)

0.41***

0.39***

0.45**

0.41***

0.40***

0.43***

 White-collar job (no)

0.95

0.89

0.93

1.17

1.11

1.01

 Economic independence (no)

0.54***

0.49***

0.58***

0.56***

0.55***

0.65***

National health insurance enrollment

 Enrolled in rural NCMS (no)

 

0.58**

0.66*

 

0.60***

0.73***

 Enrolled in urban MS (no)

 

0.86

0.99

 

0.73*

0.77+

Health behaviors

 Quit smoking (never)

  

1.03

  

112

 Currently smoking (never)

  

0.72+

  

0.93

 Leisure activity scores 1–9 (0)

  

0.25***

  

0.24***

 Leisure activity scores 10–14 (0)

  

0.09***

  

0.15***

 Leisure activity scores 15+ (0)

  

0.05***

  

0.10***

N (observations)

21,038

21,038

21,038

27,154

27,154

27,154

Wald Chi square

1045.6***

1037.0***

1406.8***

1625.7***

1659.1***

1755.5***

  1. NCMS new cooperative medical scheme, MS medical scheme
  2. Estimated odds ratios were weighted and adjusted for intrapersonal correlation. The total analytic sample was 26,604 individuals (n = 48,476 observations). All models also controlled for survey year and proxy responses to the question of adequate access to healthcare
  3. + p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001