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Table 1 UEF parameter definitions

From: Frailty assessment in older adults using upper-extremity function: index development

Parameter

Definition

Speed

Mean value of the elbow angular velocity range (maximum minus minimum speed)

Flexibility

Mean value of the elbow flexion range

Power

Mean value of the product of the angular acceleration range and the range of angular velocity

Rise time

Mean value of the time required to reach the maximum angular velocity

Moment

Mean value of the maximum moment on elbow within each flexion/extension; estimated from the moment of inertia of the forearm and the hand, and elbow motion

Speed variability

Coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by the mean) of the angular velocity range

Speed reduction

Difference in the angular velocity range between the last and the first 5 s of elbow flexion as a percentage of the initial angular velocity range

Flexion number

Number of flexion/extensions during 20 s