Skip to main content

Table 2 Adjusted mean (standard error) for the Physical Health Component Summary Score for the type and frequency of social participation, stratified by gender

From: Positive and negative influences of social participation on physical and mental health among community-dwelling elderly aged 65–70 years: a cross-sectional study in Japan

 

Males

Females

Interaction

 

Na

Mean (SE)

  

P b

Na

Mean (SE)

  

P b

Volunteer groups

 Non-participation

4,151

46.69 (0.20)

  

0.708

5,723

46.19 (0.20)

*

 

0.004

p = 0.244

 Yearly

334

46.58 (0.40)

   

451

46.77 (0.35)

    

 Monthly

346

46.78 (0.39)

   

487

46.98 (0.35)

*

   

 Weekly or more

204

47.19 (0.48)

   

222

47.10 (0.47)

    

Sports groups

 Non-participation

3,702

46.58 (0.20)

*

 

0.001

4,713

46.05 (0.20)

*

*

<0.001

p = 0.934

 Yearly

290

46.99 (0.42)

   

152

46.63 (0.54)

    

 Monthly

487

47.33 (0.35)

   

651

47.06 (0.32)

*

   

 Weekly or more

555

47.59 (0.34)

*

  

1,353

47.14 (0.26)

 

*

  

Hobby clubs

 Non-participation

3,352

46.57 (0.20)

*

*

0.002

3,754

46.03 (0.20)

*

*

<0.001

p = 0.844

 Yearly

504

46.44 (0.34)

   

511

46.23 (0.34)

    

 Monthly

826

47.26 (0.29)

*

  

1,832

46.82 (0.25)

*

   

 Weekly or more

350

47.57 (0.39)

 

*

 

789

46.92 (0.30)

 

*

  

Senior citizens’ clubs

 Non-participation

4,596

46.74 (0.20)

  

0.115

6,407

46.27 (0.20)

  

0.932

p = 0.531

 Yearly

311

46.04 (0.41)

   

338

46.17 (0.39)

    

 Monthly or more

141

46.18 (0.57)

   

137

46.13 (0.57)

    

Neighborhood community associations

 Non-participation

2,988

46.66 (0.20)

  

0.793

3,914

46.07 (0.21)

*

*

<0.001

p = 0.029

 Yearly

1,431

46.82 (0.25)

   

2,370

46.51 (0.23)

*

   

 Monthly

484

46.55 (0.35)

   

414

47.33 (0.36)

 

*

  

 Weekly or more

112

46.88 (0.63)

   

78

46.11 (0.74)

    

Cultural groups

 Non-participation

4,405

46.67 (0.20)

  

0.366

5,436

46.19 (0.20)

  

0.010

p = 0.553

 Yearly

261

46.93 (0.44)

   

490

46.84 (0.35)

    

 Monthly

273

46.56 (0.43)

   

718

46.74 (0.31)

    

 Weekly or more

101

47.72 (0.66)

   

218

47.04 (0.47)

    
  1. The data in this table are adjusted for age, family size, BMI, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol intake, depression and cognitive functioning
  2. aThe total N varies slightly between each group as a result of missing data
  3. bThis is by use of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for differences in mean scores
  4. * P<0.05 with the Bonferroni correction method