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Table 3 Characteristics by gender among study participants (n = 17,680)

From: Age and gender differences in the association between social participation and instrumental activities of daily living among community-dwelling elderly

 

Males

(n = 8251)

Females

(n = 9429)

P valuea

Age: 75 years or older

35.2%

35.1%

0.925

Residential area: A City

49.5%

51.4%

0.011

Marital status: not married

13.1%

38.5%

<0.001

Subjective economic situations: poor

17.2%

17.2%

0.984

Pensions: National pension

15.3%

47.2%

<0.001

Presence of hypertension

40.1%

38.8%

0.076

Presence of ophthalmologic disease

13.6%

17.4%

<0.001

Presence of musculoskeletal disorders

7.2%

18.5%

<0.001

Body mass index: underweight (<18.5)

4.5%

8.0%

<0.001

Alcohol intake: daily drinkers

40.3%

5.8%

<0.001

Smoking history: current smokers

18.5%

3.8%

<0.001

Frequency of meals: once or twice a day

7.2%

5.6%

<0.001

Subjects with depression

23.7%

25.3%

0.013

Subjects with poor cognitive function

17.9%

12.9%

<0.001

Subjects with poor self-rated health

18.0%

16.2%

0.001

Subjects with no sense of purpose in life

12.1%

11.4%

0.181

Engagement in volunteer groups

19.9%

16.7%

<0.001

Engagement in sports groups

29.2%

25.4%

<0.001

Engagement in hobby groups

40.7%

43.7%

<0.001

Engagement in cultural groups

13.0%

20.4%

<0.001

Engagement in senior citizens’ clubs

15.5%

18.1%

<0.001

Engagement in neighborhood community associations

44.2%

37.7%

<0.001

Engagement in paid work

30.7%

15.5%

<0.001

  1. aFisher’s exact test