| Males (n = 8251) | Females (n = 9429) | P valuea |
---|---|---|---|
Age: 75Â years or older | 35.2% | 35.1% | 0.925 |
Residential area: A City | 49.5% | 51.4% | 0.011 |
Marital status: not married | 13.1% | 38.5% | <0.001 |
Subjective economic situations: poor | 17.2% | 17.2% | 0.984 |
Pensions: National pension | 15.3% | 47.2% | <0.001 |
Presence of hypertension | 40.1% | 38.8% | 0.076 |
Presence of ophthalmologic disease | 13.6% | 17.4% | <0.001 |
Presence of musculoskeletal disorders | 7.2% | 18.5% | <0.001 |
Body mass index: underweight (<18.5) | 4.5% | 8.0% | <0.001 |
Alcohol intake: daily drinkers | 40.3% | 5.8% | <0.001 |
Smoking history: current smokers | 18.5% | 3.8% | <0.001 |
Frequency of meals: once or twice a day | 7.2% | 5.6% | <0.001 |
Subjects with depression | 23.7% | 25.3% | 0.013 |
Subjects with poor cognitive function | 17.9% | 12.9% | <0.001 |
Subjects with poor self-rated health | 18.0% | 16.2% | 0.001 |
Subjects with no sense of purpose in life | 12.1% | 11.4% | 0.181 |
Engagement in volunteer groups | 19.9% | 16.7% | <0.001 |
Engagement in sports groups | 29.2% | 25.4% | <0.001 |
Engagement in hobby groups | 40.7% | 43.7% | <0.001 |
Engagement in cultural groups | 13.0% | 20.4% | <0.001 |
Engagement in senior citizens’ clubs | 15.5% | 18.1% | <0.001 |
Engagement in neighborhood community associations | 44.2% | 37.7% | <0.001 |
Engagement in paid work | 30.7% | 15.5% | <0.001 |