Systematic pain assessment in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized trial using mixed-methods approach

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Changes over time, baseline (T0) and follow-up 2 (T2), in the intervention group (n = 98) and comparison group (n = 68) concerning wellbeing, proxy-pain and functional dependency

	Intervention group, median (Q1, Q3)		Within group^f	Comparison group, median (Q1, Q3)		Within group^f	Changes over time between the groups^g
Measurements, n intervention/comparison	T0	T2	p-value	T0	T2	p-value	p-value
QUALID^a 53/32	21 (17–27)	22 (17–28)	.409	23.5 (17.25–29.75)	22,5 (17.0–27.75)	.965	.733
WHO-5 wellbeing index^b 24/31	64 (50–80)	68 (46–83)	.665	76 (56–88)	76 (64–88)	.965	.683
Proxy-NRS^c 97/67	3 (1.0–5.25)	2 (0–5.5)	.396	3 (1–6)	4 (1–6)	.711	.309
Katz-ADL^d 98/66	4 (2–6)	5 (2–6)	.638	3 (1–5)	5 (2–6)	<.001	.001
ADCS-ADL sev.^e 60/33	10.5 (5–21.75)	9 (4.25–15.75)	.011	6 (4–20.5)	7 (5–13)	.498	.297

Q quartil, ^aQualid scale: Quality of Life in Dementia Scale, an observational scale, range with minimum score 11 indicating high QOL and maximum score is 55 indicating poor QOL. ^bWHO-5 index: WHO-5 well-being index: self-report, score from 0 (worst thinkable well-being) to 100 (best thinkable well-being). ^cNumeric Rating Scale: self-report, from 0 (no pain) through 10 (worst imaginable pain). ^dKatz index of ADLs: score from 0 to 6, higher score indicating more dependency.^eADCS-ADL: Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Scale, scale from 0 to 54 points with lower scores indicating more dependency. ^f Wilcoxon Signed Rank-Test ^gMann-Whitney U-test

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