Systematic pain assessment in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized trial using mixed-methods approach

BMC Geriatrics

Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the intervention and comparison groups (N = 213) at baseline (T0)

Characteristics	Intervention group (n = 130)	Comparison group (n = 83)	p-value
Age in years, n 130/83, mean (SD)	85.5 (6.7)	85.1 (7.2)	0.694^g
Female gender, n (%)	93 (71.5)	53 (63.9)	0.239^h
MMSE^a n 130/83, md (Q1-Q3)	11.5 (0.75–19.25)	16 (0–21.0)	0.756ⁱ
QUALID^b n 75/44, md (Q1-Q3)	21.0 (18.0–27.0)	24.5 (18.0–30.75)	0.240ⁱ
WHO-5^c wellbeing index n 56/40 md (Q1-Q3)	60.0 (44.0–80.0)	78.0 (57.0–88.0)	0.003ⁱ
Proxy NRS^d n 130/82, md (Q1-Q3)	3.0 (1.0–6.0)	3.0 (1.75–6.0)	0.641ⁱ
Katz-ADL^e n 129/83, md (Q1-Q3)	5.0 (2.5–6.0)	3.0 (1.0–6.0)	0.013ⁱ
ADCS-ADL^f sev n 79/40, md (Q1-Q3)	10.0 (5.0–21.0)	5.5 (3.0–12.0)	0.032ⁱ

^aMini-Mental-State Examination (MMSE). ^bQualid scale: Quality of Life in Dementia Scale, an observational scale, range with minimum score 11 indicating high QOL and maximum score 55 indicating poor QOL. ^cWHO-5 index: WHO-5 well-being index: self-report, score from 0 (worst thinkable well-being) to 100 (best thinkable well-being). ^dNumeric Rating Scale: self-report, from 0 (no pain) through 10 (worst imaginable pain). ^eKatz index of ADLs: score from 0 to 6, higher score indicating more dependency.^fADCS-ADL: Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Scale, scale from 0 to 54 points with lower scores indicating more dependency
Md median, Q quartil, ^g Student’s independent t-test, ^h = Chi2-test, ⁱ = Mann–Whitney U-test

ISSN: 1471-2318