Table 2 Logistic regression of participation restriction with other independent variables systematically related to the WHO-ICF framework

Personal Factors (Demographic Variables)

Lower

Upper

Age

1.05

0.97

1.14

Male

0.52

0.19

1.46

Frailty phenotype criteria (0–5, 1–2: pre-frail; ≥3: frail)

2.20*

1.10

4.42

 Number of diseases

1.22

0.87

1.73

 Number of prescribed medications used

0.95

0.77

1.17

 History of hospitalizations

0.99

0.42

2.37

 History of falls

1.08

0.52

2.25

 C-CCI (0–43, a higher score means a higher level of comorbidity)

1.14

0.67

1.96

 SSS (0–10, a lower rating means a lower self-perceived socioeconomic status)

0.79*

0.64

0.97

 CLSNS (0–50, a higher score means stronger social networks)

1.00

0.96

1.05

 Lives alone

0.71

0.28

1.81

 Pain assessment (0–11, a higher rating means a higher level of pain)

0.95

0.82

1.09

 CMFI-20 (20–100, a higher score means a higher fatigue level)

1.00

0.96

1.04

 CMNA-SF (0–14, <11 indicates malnutrition)

0.90

0.63

1.27

 C-PSQI (0–21, a higher score means poorer sleep quality)

1.19*

1.05

1.35

 CGDS-SF (0–15, ≥6 indicates the presence of depressed mood)

1.40**

1.15

1.70

 TUG (a longer time means a weaker physical performance)

1.21**

1.06

1.38

 CFES-I (16–64, a higher score means more concern about falling)

1.05*

1.00

1.11

 PASE-C (a higher score means a higher physical activity level)

0.99*

0.98

1.00

 C-IADL (0–27, a lower score means a higher level of dependence)

0.92

0.82

1.04