| Total (n = 299) | With restriction (n = 207) | Without restriction (n = 92) |  | |||
 | n | (%) | n | (%) | N | (%) | P value |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.298 |
Male | 76 | (25.4) | 49 | (23.7) | 27 | (29.3) | Â |
Female | 223 | (74.6) | 158 | (76.3) | 65 | (70.7) | Â |
Living Alone | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.859 |
Yes | 118 | (39.5) | 81 | (39.1) | 37 | (40.2) | Â |
No | 181 | (60.5) | 126 | (60.9) | 55 | (59.8) | Â |
Number of hospitalizations in the past 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.490 |
0 | 243 | (81.3) | 165 | (79.7) | 78 | (84.8) | Â |
1 | 45 | (15.1) | 33 | (15.9) | 12 | (13.0) | Â |
2 | 5 | (1.7) | 3 | (1.4) | 2 | (2.2) | Â |
3 | 5 | (1.7) | 5 | (2.4) | 0 | (0.0) | Â |
4 | 1 | (0.3) | 1 | (0.5) | 0 | (0.0) | Â |
Number of falls in the past 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.255 |
0 | 242 | (80.9) | 163 | (78.7) | 79 | (85.9) | Â |
1 | 41 | (13.7) | 29 | (14.0) | 12 | (13.0) | Â |
2 | 7 | (2.3) | 6 | (2.9) | 1 | (1.1) | Â |
3 | 8 | (2.7) | 8 | (3.9) | 0 | (0.0) | Â |
4 | 1 | (0.3) | 1 | (0.5) | 0 | (0.0) | Â |
 | Total (n = 299) | With restriction | Without restriction |  | |||
 | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | P value |
Personal Factors (Demographic Variables) | |||||||
 Age | 79.5 | (7.33) | 80.9 | (7.04) | 76.6 | (7.12) | 0.000** |
 Frailty phenotype criteria (0–5, 1–2: pre-frail; ≥3: frail) | 2.54 | (0.88) | 2.72 | (0.88) | 2.11 | (0.73) | 0.000** |
Health-related Factors | |||||||
 Number of diseases | 2.4 | (1.49) | 2.5 | (1.52) | 2.1 | (1.38) | 0.011* |
 Number of prescribed medications | 3.1 | (2.63) | 3.2 | (2.61) | 2.7 | (2.66) | 0.130 |
 C-CCI (0–43,a higher score means a higher level of comorbidity) | 4.1 | (1.13) | 4.3 | (1.08) | 3.7 | (1.12) | 0.000** |
Environmental Factors | |||||||
 SSS (0–10, a lower rating means a lower self-perceived socioeconomic status) | 4.5 | (2.18) | 4.3 | (2.12) | 5.1 | (2.25) | 0.006* |
 CLSNS (0–50, a higher score means stronger social networks) | 22.5 | (10.23) | 20.9 | (10.25) | 26.2 | (9.25) | 0.000** |
Body Functions and Structures (Impairment) | |||||||
 Pain assessment (0–11, a higher rating means a higher level of pain) | 3.9 | (3.38) | 4.2 | (3.39) | 3.1 | (3.25) | 0.013* |
 CMFI-20 (20–100, a higher score means a higher fatigue level) | 66.5 | (12.17) | 69.4 | (11.24) | 60.1 | (11.79) | 0.000** |
 CMNA-SF (0–14, <11 indicates malnutrition) | 12.6 | (1.44) | 12.4 | (1.50) | 13.1 | (1.14) | 0.000** |
 C-PSQI (0–21, a higher score means poorer sleep quality) | 7.6 | (4.10) | 8.4 | (4.10) | 5.7 | (3.46) | 0.000** |
 CGDS-SF (0-15, ≥6 indicates the presence of depressed mood) | 4.4 | (3.58) | 5.2 | (3.61) | 2.4 | (2.60) | 0.000** |
Activity Limitations | |||||||
 TUG (a longer time means a weaker physical performance) | 18.4 | (14.06) | 21.4 | (15.88) | 11.8 | (3.59) | 0.000** |
 CFES-I (16–64, a higher score means more concern about falling) | 33.3 | (10.77) | 35.8 | (10.83) | 27.4 | (8.05) | 0.000** |
 PASE-C (a higher score means a higher physical activity level) | 65.7 | (47.9) | 54.9 | (40.74) | 90.7 | (53.88) | 0.000** |
 C-IADL (0–27, a lower score means a higher level of dependence) | 20.4 | (6.15) | 19.0 | (6.32) | 23.5 | (4.35) | 0.000** |
Participation Restriction | |||||||
 C-RNLI (0–100, a lower score means a higher participation restriction level) | 68.3 | (19.64) | 60.5 | (18.41) | 75.1 | (18.08) | 0.005** |