Skip to main content

Table 2 Comparison of survivors and non-survivors using age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models

From: Long-term mortality in older patients discharged after acute decompensated heart failure: a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

Survivors

Non-survivors

Age-adjusted analysisa

P value

 

n = 224

n = 254

HR [95%CI]

 

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Age >85 years

88 (39.0)

134 (53)

1.49 [1.17–1.91]

0.01

 Male sex

63 (28.1)

92 (36.2)

1.32 [1.02–1.72]

0.03

 Living arrangements (n = 220/244)

    

 Lives alone

188 (85.5)

198 (81.1)

1

 

 Institutionalised

32 (14.5)

46 (18.9)

1.17 [0.84–1.61]

0.35

 Current or former smoker (n = 211/242)

53 (25.1)

57 (23.6)

1.00 [0.74–1.34]

0.99

Medical status

 Co-morbidities (past or current):

    

 Arteritis (n = 207/234)

19 (9.2)

34 (14.5)

1.28 [0.89–1.85]

0.18

 Myocardial infarction (n = 220/251)

36 (16.4)

61 (24.3)

1.27 [0.95–1.69]

0.11

 Stroke (n = 218/245)

20 (9.2)

31 (12.7)

1.29 [0.86–1.83]

0.24

 Anaemia (n = 209/233)

44 (21.1)

72 (30.9)

1.34 [1.02–1.77]

0.04

 Hypertensionb (n = 223/254)

166 (74.4)

188 (74.0)

0.96 [0.72–1.27]

0.76

 Cardiac arrhythmia (n = 215/245)

141 (65.6)

172 (70.2)

1.02 [0.77–1.35]

0.87

 Diabetes (n = 218/253)

43 (19.7)

41 (16.2)

0.93 [0.66–1.31]

0.70

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (n = 210/249)c

150 [135–170]

141 [121–162]

0.83 [0.73–0.96]

0.01

 Number of drugs

7 [5–9]

7 [5–9]

  

  ≥ 5 drugs per day

171 (76.3)

211 (83.1)

1.26 [0.91–1.75]

0.17

 Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (n = 100/102)

    

  < 24 (good quality of life)

29 (29.0)

25 (24.5)

1

0.69

 [24–45] (intermediate quality of life)

46 (46.0)

51 (50.0)

1.16 [0.72–1.88]

 

  > 45 (poor quality of life)

25 (25.0)

26 (25.5)

1.27 [0.73–2.21]

 

Laboratory parameters at admission

 Sodium, mmol/L (n = 282/188)

138 [135–141]

138 [135–141]

0.99 [0.97–1.01]

0.43

 Haemoglobin, g/dL (n = 212/247)

12.5 [11.3–13.7]

12.1 [10.9–13.4]

0.97 [0.92–1.04]

0.40

 Creatinine clearance, mL/minuted (n = 218/250)

    

  ≥ 60

117 (53.7)

96 (38.4)

1

 

 [30–60]

83 (38.1)

113 (45.2)

1.28 [0.97–1.68]

0.08

  ≤ 30

18 (8.3)

41 (16.4)

1.81 [1.25–2.61]

<0.01

Nutritional parameters

 Body mass index, Kg/m2 (n = 146/166)

    

  < 19

2 (1.4

8 (4.8)

2.30 [1.11–4.74]

0.03

 [19–21[

5 (3.4)

13 (7.8)

1.50 [0.84–2.67]

0.19

 [21–23[

14 (9.6)

25 (15.1)

1.50 [0.98–2.31]

0.08

  ≥ 23

125 (85.6)

120 (72.3)

1

 

 MNA-SF score (n = 69/81)

    

  ≥ 12 (well-nourished)

33 (47.8)

25 (30.9)

1

 

 [8–12[(at risk)

31 (44.9)

42 (51.9)

1.64 [0.99–2.70]

0.05

  < 8 (malnourished)

5 (7.2)

14 (17.3)

3.01 [1.52–5.97]

<0.01

 Recent weight loss >3 Kg (<3 months) (n = 201/226)

22 (10.9)

42 (18.6)

1.59 [1.22–2.06]

<0.01

 Non-solid nutrition (blended or minced) (n = 215/238)

31 (14.4)

51 (21.4)

1.60 [0.94–1.76]

0.11

Function and mobility

 Number of impaired ADL items (n = 201/226)e

1 [0–4]

2 [0–5]

1.10 [1.05–1.17]

<0.01

 ADL score <12, (n = 201/226)

106 (52.7)

162 (71.7)

1.61 [1.20–2.16]

<0.01

 Timed get-up-and-go >20 sf, (n = 178/210)

125 (70.2)

171 (81.4)

1.49 [1.05–2.11]

0.03

Cognition

 MMSE ≤17, severe impairment (n = 221/251)

38 (17.2)

59 (23.5)

1.26 [0.94–1.69]

0.12

Depression

    

 GDS score ≤5 (n = 143/148)

71 (49.7)

71 (48.0)

0.96 [0.70–1.33]

0.81

  1. HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; ADL, activities of daily living scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale
  2. aHazards ratios and confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional models adjusted for age (≤85 years versus >85 years)
  3. bHypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or treatment for hypertension
  4. cHazards ratios and confidence intervals per increase by 1 standard deviation
  5. dCreatinine clearance was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula, glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 186.3 × [creatinine (μmol/L) /88.4] -1.154 × [Age (years)]-0.203 × 0.742 (if female) × 1.21 (if black)
  6. eHazards ratios and confidence intervals per each additional impaired ADL item
  7. fTimed Get-Up-and-Go test >20 s or patient unable to perform the test