Characteristics | Survivors | Non-survivors | Age-adjusted analysisa | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 224 | n = 254 | HR [95%CI] | ||
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
Age >85 years | 88 (39.0) | 134 (53) | 1.49 [1.17–1.91] | 0.01 |
Male sex | 63 (28.1) | 92 (36.2) | 1.32 [1.02–1.72] | 0.03 |
Living arrangements (n = 220/244) | ||||
Lives alone | 188 (85.5) | 198 (81.1) | 1 | |
Institutionalised | 32 (14.5) | 46 (18.9) | 1.17 [0.84–1.61] | 0.35 |
Current or former smoker (n = 211/242) | 53 (25.1) | 57 (23.6) | 1.00 [0.74–1.34] | 0.99 |
Medical status | ||||
Co-morbidities (past or current): | ||||
Arteritis (n = 207/234) | 19 (9.2) | 34 (14.5) | 1.28 [0.89–1.85] | 0.18 |
Myocardial infarction (n = 220/251) | 36 (16.4) | 61 (24.3) | 1.27 [0.95–1.69] | 0.11 |
Stroke (n = 218/245) | 20 (9.2) | 31 (12.7) | 1.29 [0.86–1.83] | 0.24 |
Anaemia (n = 209/233) | 44 (21.1) | 72 (30.9) | 1.34 [1.02–1.77] | 0.04 |
Hypertensionb (n = 223/254) | 166 (74.4) | 188 (74.0) | 0.96 [0.72–1.27] | 0.76 |
Cardiac arrhythmia (n = 215/245) | 141 (65.6) | 172 (70.2) | 1.02 [0.77–1.35] | 0.87 |
Diabetes (n = 218/253) | 43 (19.7) | 41 (16.2) | 0.93 [0.66–1.31] | 0.70 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (n = 210/249)c | 150 [135–170] | 141 [121–162] | 0.83 [0.73–0.96] | 0.01 |
Number of drugs | 7 [5–9] | 7 [5–9] | ||
≥ 5 drugs per day | 171 (76.3) | 211 (83.1) | 1.26 [0.91–1.75] | 0.17 |
Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (n = 100/102) | ||||
< 24 (good quality of life) | 29 (29.0) | 25 (24.5) | 1 | 0.69 |
[24–45] (intermediate quality of life) | 46 (46.0) | 51 (50.0) | 1.16 [0.72–1.88] | |
> 45 (poor quality of life) | 25 (25.0) | 26 (25.5) | 1.27 [0.73–2.21] | |
Laboratory parameters at admission | ||||
Sodium, mmol/L (n = 282/188) | 138 [135–141] | 138 [135–141] | 0.99 [0.97–1.01] | 0.43 |
Haemoglobin, g/dL (n = 212/247) | 12.5 [11.3–13.7] | 12.1 [10.9–13.4] | 0.97 [0.92–1.04] | 0.40 |
Creatinine clearance, mL/minuted (n = 218/250) | ||||
≥ 60 | 117 (53.7) | 96 (38.4) | 1 | |
[30–60] | 83 (38.1) | 113 (45.2) | 1.28 [0.97–1.68] | 0.08 |
≤ 30 | 18 (8.3) | 41 (16.4) | 1.81 [1.25–2.61] | <0.01 |
Nutritional parameters | ||||
Body mass index, Kg/m2 (n = 146/166) | ||||
< 19 | 2 (1.4 | 8 (4.8) | 2.30 [1.11–4.74] | 0.03 |
[19–21[ | 5 (3.4) | 13 (7.8) | 1.50 [0.84–2.67] | 0.19 |
[21–23[ | 14 (9.6) | 25 (15.1) | 1.50 [0.98–2.31] | 0.08 |
≥ 23 | 125 (85.6) | 120 (72.3) | 1 | |
MNA-SF score (n = 69/81) | ||||
≥ 12 (well-nourished) | 33 (47.8) | 25 (30.9) | 1 | |
[8–12[(at risk) | 31 (44.9) | 42 (51.9) | 1.64 [0.99–2.70] | 0.05 |
< 8 (malnourished) | 5 (7.2) | 14 (17.3) | 3.01 [1.52–5.97] | <0.01 |
Recent weight loss >3 Kg (<3 months) (n = 201/226) | 22 (10.9) | 42 (18.6) | 1.59 [1.22–2.06] | <0.01 |
Non-solid nutrition (blended or minced) (n = 215/238) | 31 (14.4) | 51 (21.4) | 1.60 [0.94–1.76] | 0.11 |
Function and mobility | ||||
Number of impaired ADL items (n = 201/226)e | 1 [0–4] | 2 [0–5] | 1.10 [1.05–1.17] | <0.01 |
ADL score <12, (n = 201/226) | 106 (52.7) | 162 (71.7) | 1.61 [1.20–2.16] | <0.01 |
Timed get-up-and-go >20 sf, (n = 178/210) | 125 (70.2) | 171 (81.4) | 1.49 [1.05–2.11] | 0.03 |
Cognition | ||||
MMSE ≤17, severe impairment (n = 221/251) | 38 (17.2) | 59 (23.5) | 1.26 [0.94–1.69] | 0.12 |
Depression | ||||
GDS score ≤5 (n = 143/148) | 71 (49.7) | 71 (48.0) | 0.96 [0.70–1.33] | 0.81 |