Table 1 Baseline characteristics and 4-year mortality for Health and Retirement Study cohorts
From: Control beliefs and risk for 4-year mortality in older adults: a prospective cohort study
Characteristics | 2006 Cohorta (n = 7313) | 2008 Cohorta (n = 6301) |
|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics, % (n) | ||
Age in years: | ||
50–59 | 23.1 (1692) | 19.0 (1198) |
60–64 | 14.0 (1027) | 12.7 (802) |
65–69 | 19.6 (1432) | 19.2 (1212) |
70–74 | 16.4 (1200) | 18.6 (1174) |
75–79 | 12.0 (879) | 14.1 (888) |
80–84 | 8.2 (601) | 8.8 (557) |
≥ 85 | 6.6 (482) | 7.5 (471) |
Female | 58.3 (4260) | 59.9 (3773) |
Race: | ||
White | 84.4 (6175) | 84.1 (5301) |
Black | 13.1 (960) | 13.2 (833) |
Hispanic | 8.0 (586) | 9.0 (564) |
Married | 64.7 (4735) | 61.0 (3843) |
Education: | ||
High school degree | 32.3 (2362) | 31.9 (2007) |
College or above | 44.1 (3224) | 43.5 (2743) |
Total household incomeb: | ||
1st quartile | 22.9 (1676) | 23.4 (1477) |
2nd quartile | 24.6 (1800) | 26.9 (1693) |
3rd quartile | 25.6 (1872) | 25.2 (1585) |
4th quartile | 26.9 (1965) | 24.5 (1546) |
Health conditions, % (n) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 20.3 (1487) | 21.5 (1353) |
Hypertension | 57.4 (4195) | 60.9 (3839) |
Heart disease | 25.1 (1837) | 27.1 (1705) |
Heart failure | 3.5 (258) | 3.8 (241) |
Stroke | 6.3 (461) | 7.4 (467) |
Cancer | 15.3 (1119) | 16.0 (1009) |
Lung disease | 10.2 (746) | 11.7 (738) |
Arthritis | 61.2 (4479) | 64.5 (4065) |
Psychiatric problems | 15.9 (1162) | 17.4 (1098) |
Body mass index <25 kg/m2 | 21.1 (1541) | 21.3 (1341) |
Psychological characteristics, mean (SD) | ||
Constraints, range 1–6 | 2.24 (1.19) | 2.22 (1.21) |
Mastery, range 1–6 | 4.75 (1.11) | 4.77 (1.10) |
Health-specific control, range 0–10 | 7.21 (2.39) | 7.27 (2.06) |
Functional impairments, % (n) | ||
Problems with memory | 3.0 (221) | 3.1 (195) |
Urinary incontinence | 21.4 (1565) | 25.4 (1599) |
Difficulty with ADLc: | ||
Walking across room | 5.9 (434) | 6.3 (396) |
Bathing | 5.2 (378) | 5.5 (345) |
Dressing | 8.9 (652) | 8.5 (533) |
Eating | 2.4 (174) | 2.3 (142) |
Transferring in or out of bed | 5.3 (389) | 5.0 (316) |
Toileting | 5.4 (395) | 4.6 (287) |
Difficulty with IADLc: | ||
Using the telephone | 2.7 (199) | 2.9 (182) |
Managing finances | 4.1 (301) | 4.0 (255) |
Shopping for groceries | 7.7 (565) | 7.5 (471) |
Managing medications | 2.7 (195) | 2.6 (164) |
Preparing meals | 4.5 (327) | 4.4 (277) |
Other functional difficultiesc: | ||
Walking several blocks | 29.7 (2174) | 30.6 (1931) |
Climbing stairs | 43.5 (3183) | 43.4 (2734) |
Pushing or pulling large object | 25.0 (1825) | 24.0 (1515) |
Getting up from chair | 41.5 (3032) | 41.8 (2636) |
Health behaviors, % (n) | ||
Vigorous activity more than once per week | 23.0 (1680) | 23.6 (1484) |
Moderate activity more than once per week | 55.8 (4078) | 53.1 (3348) |
Current smoking | 12.8 (938) | 12.7 (802) |
Events, % (n) | ||
Deathsd | 11.7 (856) | 11.8 (743) |