Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the sample

 Age, years

80.48 ± 6.09

81.90 ± 6.72

81.46 ± 6.55

0.045

 Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

24.80 ± 4.02

25.17 ± 5.18

25.05 ± 4.84

0.494

 EFS, points

8.03 ± 2.93

8.38 ± 2.85

8.27 ± 2.87

0.284

 Hand Grip DX, kg

20.79 ± 6.08

14.58 ± 5.42

16.51 ± 6.30

p<0.001

 Bartel Index, points

58.76 ± 25.01

64.09 ± 24.55

62.45 ± 24.77

0.089

 MMSE, points

19.32 ± 6.43

18.18 ± 6.14

18.54 ± 6.24

0.192

 GDS, points

4.75 ± 3.58

6.18 ± 3.59

5.80 ± 3.58

0.351

 Drugs, n

9.12 ± 3.45

8.41 ± 3.26

8.63 ± 3.33

0.260

 Diseases, n

6.24 ± 2.96

5.88 ± 2.71

5.99 ± 2.79

0.063

 ADL, points

3.32 ± 1.88

3.32 ± 1.81

3.20 ± 1.83

0.103

 SMI, n

7.50 ± 1.23

6.41 ± 1.10

6.75 ± 1.25

p<0.001

 BMD, g/cm²

0.88 ± 0.18

0.72 ± 0.14

0.77 ± 0.11

p<0.001

 T-SCORE, points

−1.49 ± 1.40

−2.27 ± 1.20

−2.02 ± 1.31

p<0.001

 Albumin, g/dl

3.67 ± 0.44

3.59 ± 0.57

3.65 ± 0.48

0.224

 MNA, points

18.20 ± 3.2

18.06 ± 3.60

18.10 ± 3.47

0.696