Table 1 Characteristics of the participants at age 85

 Female / male

317 (63.3%) / 184 (36.7%)

 Married / not married

176 (35.1%) / 325 (64.9%)

 State pension / state pension and extra income

71 (14.1%) / 430 (85.9%)

 Only primary school / further education

304 (60.7%) / 197 (39.3%)

 Institutionalised / living independently

55 (11.0%) / 446 (89.0%)

 None or one disease / more than one disease

376 (75.0%) / 125 (25.0%)

 Grip strength in kilograms (median, IQR)

22 (18–29)

 Gait speed in seconds (median, IQR)

4.0 (3.1–5.8)

 Cognitive function score ≤ 26 / ≥ 27^a

232 (46.3%) / 269 (53.7%)

 Functional status score ≤ 26 / ≥ 27^a

238 (47.5%) / 263 (52.5%)

 Residual lifespan ≤ 5 / ≥ 6 years^a

256 (51.1%) / 245 (48.9%)

 Depressive symptoms score ≤ 4 / ≥ 5

78 (15.6%) / 423 (84.4%)

 Perceived loneliness score ≤ 2 / ≥ 3

128 (25.5%) / 373 (74.5%)

 Life satisfaction score (median, IQR)

8 (7–9)

 Life satisfaction score ≤ 5

59 (11.8%)

 Life satisfaction score 6

58 (11.6%)

 Life satisfaction score 7

105 (21%)

 Life satisfaction 8

143 (28.5%)

 Life satisfaction score 9

48 (9.6%)

 Life satisfaction score 10

88 (17.6%)