The association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in residential aged care facilities: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Characteristics of residents with higher and lower sleep quality in Australian residential aged care facilities

	All residents	Higher sleep quality (NTSQS >10)		Lower sleep quality (NTSQS ≤10)		P value
	383	202	53%	181	47%
Demographic characteristics
Age (mean ± SD)	87.53 (6.19)	87.62	(6.16)	87.43	(6.22)	0.77^a
Female	297	160	79.2%	137	75.7%	0.39^b
High Level Care	135	79	39.1%	56	30.9%	0.09^b
Born in Australia	298	150	74.3%	148	81.8%	0.10^b
Functional characteristics
Charlson’s comorbidity index (median, IQR)	2.00 (1.00, 3.00)	2.00	(1.00, 3.00)	2.00	(1.00, 4.00)	0.39^c
ADLs (median, IQR)	1.00 (4.00, 6.00)	3.00	(1.00, 6.00)	4.00	(1.00, 6.00)	0.66^c
DSRS (mean ± SD)	19.09 (16.87)	20.19	(16.57)	17.85	(17.10)	0.21^a
PAINAD, any	113	50	24.8%	63	34.8%	0.04^b
Medical diagnoses and medications
Dementia	169	94	46.5%	75	41.4%	0.35^b
Insomnia	48	22	10.9%	26	14.4%	0.37^b
Anxiety	146	78	38.6%	68	37.6%	0.81^b
Depression	230	115	56.9%	115	63.5%	0.21^b
Any non-benzodiazepine sedatives	272	145	71.8%	127	70.2%	0.71^b

NTSQS night-time sleep quality score, ACAT aged care assessment team, ADLs activities of daily living, DSRS dementia severity rating scale, PAINAD Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range
a.Student’s t-test
b.Pearson’s Chi-square test
c.Mann-Whitney U test