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Table 3 Proportions of health service users and odds ratios for self-reported hearing difficulty explaining use of health services

From: Hearing loss and use of health services: a population-based cross-sectional study among Finnish older adults

 

Age-sex adjusted proportions %

Multivariable adjusted odds ratio

no HD, N = 1125

HD, N = 837

p

OR

95 % CI

p

Physician visits, all (last 12 months)

24/55/22a

20/55/26 a

.020

1.2c

1.0;1.5

.072

Physician visits, not related to hearing loss (last 12 months)

24/55/21 a

21/55/24 a

.112

1.1c

0.9;1.4

.291

Nurse visits (last 12 months)

56/26/18 b

53/27/20 b

.109

1.1 c

0.9;1.4

.280

Health examination (last 5 years)

40

40

.736

1.1

0.9;1.3

.655

Mental health service (last 12 months)

1.7

3.1

.058

2.1

1.2;3.5

.025

Physical therapy (last 12 months)

 Men

8.8

12

.145

1.3d

0.8;2.1

.298

 Women

14

14

.826

1.1d

0.8;1.5

.647

Health promotion group (last 5 years)

22

22

.728

0.9c

0.7;1.1

.518

Vision test (last 5 years)

65

65

.979

1.0e

0.8;1.2

.709

Hearing test (last 5 years)

19

29

<.001

1.8

1.4;2.3

<.001

Mammography (women <70 year, last 5 years)

64

64

.946

1.1f

0.6;2.0

.870

PSA test (men, last 5 years)

28

28

.950

0.9g

0.7;1.2

.608

Unmet health care needs

21

32

<.001

1.7

1.4;2.1

<.001

  1. Results are given separately for men and women where interaction of sex is significant. Only models that include both sexes are adjusted for sex. All multivariable adjusted models are controlled for age, mother tongue, living alone, income and education
  2. HD self-reported hearing difficulty, OR odds ratio
  3. aProportions for 0/1–4/5+ visits
  4. bProportions for 0/1–5/6+ visits
  5. cModel additionally adjusted for diseases, smoking, alcohol use, and BMI
  6. dModel additionally adjusted for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and arthritis
  7. eModel additionally adjusted for far vision, diabetes and stroke
  8. fModel additionally adjusted for breast cancer
  9. gModel additionally adjusted for prostate cancer