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Table 2 Proportions of health service users and odds ratios for hearing loss explaining use of health services

From: Hearing loss and use of health services: a population-based cross-sectional study among Finnish older adults

 

Age-sex adjusted proportion %

Multivariable adjusted odds ratio

All

no HL, N = 1352

HL, N = 328

p for no HL vs. HL

OR

95 % CI

p

Physician visits, all (last 12 months), n = 1925

 Men

25/52/22a

25/54/21a

17/52/31a

.020

1.3c

0.8;2.2

.328

 Women

19/57/24a

18/58/24a

17/58/26a

.695

1.0c

0.7;1.3

.882

Physician visits, not related to hearing loss (last 12 months), n = 1914

22/55/22a

21/57/22a

19/56/24a

.257

1.0c

0.7;1.3

.981

Nurse visits (last 12 months), n = 1980

55/26/19b

55/27/18b

51/29/20b

.291

1.2c

0.9;1.7

.261

Health examination (last 5 years), n = 2006

41

44

40

.382

0.7

0.5;1.1

.201

Mental health service (last 12 months), n = 1907

2.2

2.0

4.4

.059

3.2

1.3;7.9

.034

Physical therapy (last 12 months), n = 1909

 Men

10

9.9

15

.172

2.0d

1.0;3.9

.088

 Women

14

15

12

.298

0.9d

0.5;1.5

.744

Health promotion group (last 5 years), n = 1677

22

23

16

.009

0.8c

0.6;1.2

.385

Vision test (last 5 years), n = 1882

64

67

62

.153

0.7e

0.5;1.0

.085

Hearing test (last 5 years), n = 1870

 Men

32

29

46

.003

1.1

0.6;2.0

.759

 Women

17

13

42

<.001

3.4

2.3;5.2

<.001

Mammography (women <70 year, last 5 years), n = 259

63

64

65

.973

1.7f

0.3;10.5

.624

PSA test (men, last 5 years), n = 628

28

29

25

.485

1.0g

0.5;1.8

.896

Unmet health care needs, n = 1929

26

26

32

.100

1.3

0.9;1.7

.232

  1. Results are given separately for men and women where interaction of sex is significant
  2. Only models that include both sexes are adjusted for sex. All multivariable adjusted models are controlled for age, mother tongue, living alone, income, education, and hearing aid use
  3. HL hearing loss, better ear hearing threshold level 0.5–2 kHz > 40 dB; OR odds ratio
  4. aProportions for 0/1–4/5+ visits
  5. bProportions for 0/1–5/6+ visits
  6. cModel additionally adjusted for diseases, smoking, alcohol use, and BMI
  7. dModel additionally adjusted for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and arthritis
  8. eModel additionally adjusted for far vision, diabetes and stroke
  9. fModel additionally adjusted for breast cancer
  10. gModel additionally adjusted for prostate cancer