Which type of social activities may reduce cognitive decline in the elderly?: a longitudinal population-based study

Table 1 Multivariate linear regression analysis of the associations between the number of formal social activities and cognitive decline 4 years later

Variable	Total	Young-old	Old-old
	Coefficients (SE)	Coefficients (SE)	Coefficients (SE)
The number of formal social activities
Zero	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
One	−0.64(0.42)	−0.18(0.43)	−1.96(1.05)
Two or more	−0.94(0.49)	−0.25(0.50)	−3.17(1.26)*
Adjusted R-square	0.07	0.06	0.13
F-value	4.33***	3.13***	2.26**

Note: Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, household income, living arrangement, residential area, comorbidities, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), depressive symptom, and baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. SE standard error
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2318