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Table 3 Short and long term effects of simultaneous and subsequent training on cognitive performance and everyday living skills

From: Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review

Study

Treatment condition

Outcome measure of interest

Targeted cognitive function

Everyday living skills

Long term effects on cognition

Simultaneous Intervention (Dual Task)

Choi et al., 2015 [37]

I-DT

150 min per week for 4 weeks

MMSE, K-MBI, CNT

+

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

150 min per week for 4 weeks

-

Coelho et al., 2013 [38]

I-DT

180 min per week for 16 weeks

MMSE, CDT, FAB, PS-WAIS

+

n.e.

n.e.

NA-C

Daily routinec

n.e.

De Andrade et al., 2013 [39]

I-DT

180 min per week for 16 weeks

MMSE, CDT, FAB, PS-WAIS

+

n.e.

n.e.

NA-C

Daily routinec

n.e.

Evans et al., 2009 [34]

I-DT

35–70 min per week for 5 weeks

DADT, The Memory Span & Tracking task, Telephone Search with Countning-TEA, DTQ

+

n.e.

n.e.

NA-C

Daily routinec

n.e.

Hars et al., 2013 [42]

I-DT

60 min per week for 25 weeks

MMSE, CDT, FAB

+

n.e.

n.e.

NA-C

Daily routinec

-

Hiyamizu et al., 2012 [43]

I-DT

120 min per week for 12 weeks

TMT A & B, Stroop

+

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

120 min per week for 12 weeks

-

Kayama et al., 2014 [44]

I-DT

80 min per week for 12 weeks

TMT A & B, a verbal fluency task

+

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

75 min per week for 12 weeks

-

Marmeleira et al., 2009 [45]

I-DT

180 min per week for 12 weeks

MMSE, Stroop, TMT B, UFOV, a reaction time test

+

n.e.

n.e.

NA-C

Daily routinec

n.e.

Plummer-D’Amato et al., 2012 [41]

I-DT

45 min per week for 4 weeks

MoCA, Shipley Vocabulary Test, spontaneous speech, alphabet recitation, a coin transfer task

-

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

45 min per week for 4 weeks

-

Schwenk et al., 2010 [35]

I-DT

240 min per week for 12 weeks

MMSE, CERAD battery, TMT A & B, serial S2 forward- and S3 backward-test

+

n.e.

n.e.

A-C

120 min per week for 12 weeks

n.e.

Theill et al., 2013 [46]

I-DT

60 min per week for 10 weeks

MMSE, Computer-based tasks, n-back task, counting backwards

+

n.e.

n.e.

SCT

60 min per week for 10 weeks

+

NA-C

Daily routinec

n.e.

Yokoyama et al., 2015 [47]

I-DT

180 min per week for 12 weeks

MMSE+, TMT

+

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

180 min per week for 12 weeks

-

You et al., 2009 [40]

I-DT

150 min per week for 6 weeks

MMSE, a word memorizing task, arithmetic calculations

+

n.e.

n.e.

A-C

150 min per week for 6 weeks

n.e

Subsequent Intervention

Barnes et al., 2013 [36]

I-S

360 min per week for 12 weeks

RAVLT, TMT A & B, DSST, EFT, UFOV, a verbal fluency task

+a

n.e.

n.e.

SCT

180 min per week for 12 weeks

+a

SPT

180 min per week for 12 weeks

+a

A-C

180 min per week for 12 weeks

n.e.

De Bruin et al., 2013 [48]

I-S

90 min per week for 12 weeks + 30–50 min/week for 10 weeks

MMSE, Reaction time tasks

+

n.e.

n.e.

SPT

90 min per week for 12 weeks

+b

Fabre et al., 2002 [49]

I-S

210 min per week for 8 weeks

WMS, BEC 96 Questionnaire

+

n.e.

n.e.

SCT

90 min per week for 8 weeks

+

SPT

120 min per week for 8 weeks

+

A-C

120 min per week for 8 weeks

n.e.

Legault et al., 2011 [50]

I-S

230–276 min per week for 8 weeks + 190–228 min/week for 8 weeks

Hopkins VLT, Logical Memory Task-WMS-III, Self-Ordered Pointing Task, 1-Back and 2-Back tasks, EFT, Task Switching Test, TMT A & B

-

n.e.

n.e.

SCT

80–96 min per week for 8 weeks + 40–48 min/week for 8 weeks

-

SPT

150–180 min per week for 16 weeks

-

A-C

1 × per week for 16 weeks

n.e.

Oswald et al., 2006 [33]

I-S

135 min per week for 30 weeks

WAIS, NAI

+

+

+

SCT

90 min per week for 30 weeks

+

-

+

SPT

45 min per week for 30 weeks

-

-

-

PE

90 min per week for 30 weeks

-

-

-

SPT + PE

135 min per week for 30 weeks + PE

-

+

-

NA-C

Non-active (no detailed information)

n.e.

n.e.

n.e.

Van het Reve, et al., 2014 [52]

I-S

70 min per week for 12 weeks

TMT A & B, VTS, a reaction time task

+

n.e

n.e.

SPT

40 min per week for 12 weeks

-

Shatil, 2013 [51]

I-S

255 min per week for 16 weeks

MMSE, CogniFit training Programme

+a

n.e.

n.e.

SCT

120 min per week for 16 weeks

+a

SPT

135 min per week for 16 weeks

-

A-C

60 min per week for 16 weeks

n.e.

  1. I-DT simultaneous physical and cognitive training intervention (Dual Task), I-S subsequent physical and cognitive training Intervention, SPT single physical training, SCT single cognitive training, PE psycho-educational training, A-C active control group, NA-C non active control group, min minutes; + = significant effect (p < 0.05); - = no effect (p > 0.05), n.e. not estimated
  2. MMSE mini-mental state examination (+ modified Mini-Mental State Examination-3MS), K-MBI, Korean modified barthel index for daily activities, CNT computerized neuropsychological test, FAB frontal assessment battery, CDT Clock Drawing Test, PS (WAIS) symbol search subtest (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), DADT divided attention and dual-tasking battery, TEA test of everyday attention, DTQ dual-tasking questionnaire, TMT A & B trail making test parts A and B, UFOV useful field of view, MoCA Montreal cognitive assessment, CSRT choice stepping reaction time, CERAD batttery consortium-to-establish-a-registry-for-Alzheimer’s-disease battery, RAVLT ray auditory verbal learning test, DSST digit symbol substitution test, EFT Eriksen flanker test, WMS Wechsler memory scale, VLT verbal learning test, NAI neuropsychological aging inventory, VTS Vienna test system (computerized cognitive assessment)
  3. aTraining of a wide range of cognitive functions. Improvement found only in them.bSignificant positive effect found only for one of the two outcomes, cduration same as in intervention group
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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