Impact of caring for persons with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia on caregivers’ health outcomes: findings from a community based survey in Japan

Table 2 Health outcomes as a function of caregiver status

		Non-caregivers (n = 53758)		Caregivers (n = 1302)		Total (n = 55060)
		Mean/%	SD/n	Mean/%	SD/n	Mean/%	SD/n
PHQ-9		3.18	4.75	4.40^*	5.48	3.21	4.77
PHQ-9: category	PHQ-9: < 10	91.1 %	48957	85.8 %	1117^*	90.9 %	50074
PHQ-9: category	PHQ-9: ≥ 10 (MDD)	8.9 %	4801	14.2 %	185^*	9.1 %	4986
Diagnosed comorbidities
	Depression	3.3 %	1778	6.2 %	81^*	3.4 %	1859
	Insomnia	4.4 %	2361	9.8 %	128*	4.5 %	2489
	Anxiety	0.8 %	448	2.0 %	26*	0.9 %	474
	Hypertension	11.7 %	6290	17.5 %	228*	11.8 %	6518
	Pain	7.9 %	4269	15.5 %	202*	8.1 %	4471
	Diabetes (Type 1/2)	3.7 %	1981	6.1 %	79*	3.7 %	2060
SF-6D		0.765	0.121	0.724*	0.124	0.764	0.121
SF-36v2: Physical Component Summary		53.57	6.09	51.58*	6.62	53.52	6.11
SF-36v2: Mental Component Summary		48.01	9.61	46.00*	10.65	47.96	9.64
WPAI: % absenteeism: work missed due to health^a		2.87	12.38	5.38*	15.79	2.93	12.47
WPAI: % presenteeism-related impairment: impairment while working due to health^a		18.64	23.21	22.75*	25.42	18.73	23.27
WPAI: % overall work impairment due to health^a		20.26	25.23	25.69*	28.16	20.38	25.31
WPAI: % activity impairment due to health		20.71	24.44	25.43*	25.82	20.83	24.49
Emergency room visits, past 6 months		0.08	0.89	0.29*	1.78	0.09	0.92
Hospitalizations, past 6 months		0.46	4.09	0.83*	5.23	0.47	4.12
Traditional healthcare provider visits, past 6 months		4.38	7.70	7.74*	18.53	4.46	8.14
Emergency room visits (1+), past 6 months		3.2 %	1722	7.3 %	95*	3.3 %	1817
Hospitalizations (1+), past 6 months		4.0 %	2152	8.2 %	107*	4.1 %	2259
Traditional healthcare provider visits (1+), past 6 months		56.5 %	30388	74.9 %	975*	57.0 %	31363

Caregivers were defined as those currently caring for an adult relative with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, whereas non-caregivers were those not currently caring for an adult relative with any listed condition
MDD major depressive disorder, PHQ patient health questionnaire, SD standard deviation, SF short form, WPAI work productivity and activity impairment
*p < 0.05 for the two-tailed significance of differences across caregivers and non-caregivers within a given row
^aAbsenteeism and overall work impairment results were available only for employed respondents, excluding those who both worked and missed 0 h, as well as outliers who reported > 112 potential work hours in the past week (n = 30737: 693 caregivers and 30044 non-caregivers). Presenteeism-related impairment results were available only for employed respondents who worked >0 h in the past week (n = 31460: 712 caregivers and 30748 non-caregivers)

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