Table 4 Results from studies utilising PEACE criteria to determine appropriateness of medications in individuals with advanced dementia
Authors | Country | N at baseline | Mean (SD) medications per resident at baseline | N (%) using ‘never’ appropriate medicationsa | Most common ‘never’ appropriate medications | Factors associated with using ‘never’ appropriate medications | Factors measured but did not show an association with using ‘never’ appropriate medications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holmes et al. 2008 [16] | USA | 34 | 6.5 (2.7) | 10 (29 %) | Cardiovascular agents | Not measured | Not measured |
Tjia et al. 2010 [17] | USA | 323 | 6.2 (3.33) | 121 (37.5 %) | Lipid lowering agents Anticholinesterase inhibitors | Male Shorter length of stay# Higher functional abilityc Diabetes mellitus DNH order (inverse) | Age Ethnicity (non-white race vs white) In special care dementia unit Dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease Test for Severe Impairment score > 0d Cardiovascular diseasee Cancer Acute illness in prior 90 daysf Recent hospitalizationg Recent physician/nurse professional visits in prior 90 days No feeding tube No hospice referral |
Colloca et al. 2012 [20] | 7 EU countries (Czech Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands) and Israel | 1449 | 4 (not reported) | 388 (26.8 %) | Lipid lowering agents Antiplatelets Anticholinesterase inhibitors | Stroke | Age Gender Shorter length of stayb Ethnicity (non-white vs white) ADL Hierarchy Scale scoreh Behavioural symptoms Falls Number of diseases Ischaemic heart disease Diabetes Heart failure Cancer Parkinson’s disease Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Fractures Recent hospitalizationg Presence of a geriatrician Presence of a pharmacist |
Toscani et al. 2013 [18] | Italy | 245 | Not reported | 9 (2.2 %) | Antihypertensives Antiplatelets | Not measured | Not measured |
Tjia et al. 2014 [22] | USA | 5406 | 7.33 (3.5) | 2911 (53.9 %) | Lipid lowering agents Memantine Anticholinesterase inhibitors | High facility use of feeding tubes | Age Gender Ethnicity (non-white vs white) DNR order Hospice enrolment Whether Medicaid is primary payor In special care dementia unit Recent hospitalizationg Recent physician visit (last 14 days) Diabetes mellitus Heart Failure Hypertension Stroke Osteoporosis Depression Nutritional problems Oral problems Behavioural issues Functional status |