Vision and hearing impairments, cognitive impairment and mortality among long-term care recipients: a population-based cohort study

Table 3 Vision/hearing impairment and cognitive decline by age group

		Total	Cognitive decline	OR	Univariate analysis		p	OR	Multivariate analysis		p
					95 % CI				95 % CI
					Lower limit	Upper limit			Lower limit	Upper limit
Overall	Normal vision/hearing function	773	360	1.000	-	-	-	1.000	-	-	-	^a
	Vision impairment	252	138	1.389	1.04	1.85	0.02	1.457	1.07		0.02
	Hearing impairment	409	237	1.581	1.24	2.01	<0.001	1.473			0.00
	Dual sensory impairment	320	215	2.349	1.79	3.09	<0.001	1.965			<0.001
	Total	1754	950
65–74 (yrs)	Normal vision/hearing function	185	61	1.000	-	-	-	1.000	-	-	-	^b
	Vision impairment	59	27	1.715	0.94	3.12	0.08	1.774	0.89	3.54	0.10
	Hearing impairment	27	10	1.196	0.52	2.77	0.68	1.246	0.49	3.19	0.65
	Dual sensory impairment	16	9	2.614	0.93	7.35	0.07	2.653	0.78	8.99	0.12
	Total	287	107
75–85	Normal vision/hearing function	518	258	1.000	-	-	-	1.000	-	-	-	^b
	Vision impairment	172	99	1.367	0.97	1.94	0.08	1.513	1.04	2.21	0.03
	Hearing impairment	281	164	1.413	1.05	1.89	0.02	1.584	1.15	2.18	0.00
	Dual sensory impairment	218	147	2.086	1.50	2.91	<0.001	1.916	1.34	2.74	<0.001
	Total	1189	668
≥90	Normal vision/hearing function	70	41	1.000	-	-	-	1.000	-	-	-	^b
	Vision impairment	21	12	0.943	0.35	2.53	0.91	0.976	0.32	2.99	0.97
	Hearing impairment	101	63	1.173	0.63	2.19	0.62	1.222	0.60	2.49	0.58
	Dual sensory impairment	86	59	1.546	0.80	2.99	0.19	1.437	0.68	3.04	0.34
	Total	278	175

^aAdjusted for age, sex, level of dependency, diabetes, neurological disease, hypertension, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, and eye and ear diseases
^bAdjusted for the above variables except age

ISSN: 1471-2318