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Table 2 Comparisons of SaO2, VO2max and MWD at Baseline, 12, 30 and 48 weeks, and mixed effect model to test the effect Time, Time*Group and Group

From: Efficacy of treadmill exercises on arterial blood oxygenation, oxygen consumption and walking distance in healthy elderly people: a controlled trial

Measures

Control

Intervention

Student’s t test

Mixed effect model

Within-subjects effects

Between-subjects effects

Mean (Sd)

N = 40

Mean (Sd)

N = 40

t(df)

p

Effect size

(Cohen’s d)

(CI 95 %)

Time

F(df)

p

Effect size

Time*Group

F(df)

p

Effect size

Group

F(df)

p

Effect size

SaO2 Bl

96.9 (.5)

96.9 (.5)

.395(78)

0.694

0.00 (−.44;.44)

F(2.5;192.4) = 94.370;

p <.001;

η2 = .554

F(2.5;192.4) = 78.769;

p <.001;

η2 = .509

F(1;76) = 135.937;

p <.001;

η2 = .641

SaO2 12 W

97.0 (.6)

98.4 (.5)

−11.340(78)

<.001

2.33(1.88;2.78)

SaO2 30 W

97.1 (.5)

97.9 (.8)

−5.273(66.5)a

<.001

1.60(1.16;2.04)

SaO2 48 W

97.0 (.6)

97.7 (1.1)

−3.818(60.0)a

<.001

1.17(.73;1.61)

VO2max Bl

1.8 (.1)

1.8 (.1)

-.009(78)

0.993

0.00 (−.44;.44)

F(2.5;190.1) = 45.422;

p <.001;

η2 = .374

F(2.5;190.1) = 39.061;

p <.001;

η2 = .339

F(1;76) = 85.529;

p <.001;

η2 = .529

VO2max 12 W

1.8 (.1)

2.0 (.1)

−7.057(64.2)a

<.001

2.00(1.56;2.44)

VO2max 30 W

1.8 (.1)

1.9 (.1)

−4.189(78)

<.001

1.00(.56;1.44)

VO2max 48 W

1.7 (.1)

1.9 (.1)

−5.645(70.0)a

<.001

2.00(1.56;2.44)

MWD Bl

687.0 (33.7)

689.7 (33.0)

-.365(78)

0.716

0.08(−.36;.52)

F(2.5;188.9) = 93.137;

p <.001;

η2 = .551

F(2.5;188.9) = 70.772;

p <.001;

η2 = .482

F(1;76) = 148.211;

p <.001;

η2 = .661

MWD 12 W

697.7 (46.7)

861.7 (57.9)

−13.956(74.6)a

<.001

3.74(3.28;4.20)

MWD 30 W

700.9 (40.6)

796.5 (84.8)

−6.431(56.0)a

<.001

2.35(1.90;2.80)

MWD 48 W

694.8 (31.3)

782.1 (75.5)

−6.753(52.0)a

<.001

2.79(2.34;3.24)

  1. Sd standard deviation, N group size, t t-test for independent samples, df degrees of freedom, p significance level, CI 95 % confidence interval 95 %, F Snedecor F statistic, η 2 Partial Eta squared, SaO 2 oxygen saturation, VO 2max maximum oxygen consumption, MWD maximum walking distance, Bl baseline, 12 W 12 Weeks, 30 W 30 Weeks, 48 W 48 Weeks
  2. anot homogeneous variances