Impact of pain characteristics and fear-avoidance beliefs on physical activity levels among older adults with chronic pain: a population-based, longitudinal study

Table 3 Characteristics of older adults with chronic pain^d who participated in both the baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments (n = 281)

Variable	Baseline	12 month follow-up	P-value
Physical activity^e, n (%)			0.306^a
Hardly any physical activity	15 (5.6)	13 (4.8)
Mostly sedentary	21 (7.8)	23 (8.5)
Lighter physical exercise, around 2–4 h/week	136 (50.4)	133 (49.3)
More strenuous exercise, 1–2 times/week	69 (26.6)	82 (30.4)
More strenuous exercise, at least 3 h/week	15 (5.8)	16 (5.9)
Hard regular training, several times/week	3 (1.1)	3 (1.1)
Physical activity^f (dichotomized), n (%)			0.194^b
Active	87 (32.2)	101 (37.4)
Inactive	172 (63.7)	169 (62.1)
Self-reported health^g, n (%)			0.046 ^a
Excellent	7 (2.5)	7 (2.5)
Very good	45 (16.0)	49 (17.4)
Good	100 (35.5)	95 (33.7)
Fair	114 (40.4)	121 (42.9)
Bad	15 (5.3)	10 (3.5)
Self-efficacy^h, mean (SD) range	30.8 (6.2) 10–40	30.8 (6.4) 10–40	0.931^c
Kinesiophobiaⁱ, mean (SD) range	22.2 (8.4) 11–44	22.7 (8.2) 11–44	0.972^c
Pain duration^j, mean (SD) range	10.0 (10.6) 0.5–60	10.0 (10.6) 0.1–50	0.554^c
Pain intensity^k, mean (SD) range	3.3 (1.0) 1–6	3.8 (1.0) 1–6	<0.001^c

^aWilcoxon signed rank test
^bMcNemar’s test
^cPaired t-test
^dPain of duration ≥3 months
^eAssessed using Grimby’s activity scale
^fAssessed using Grimby’s activity scale, response options 1–3 coded as inactive and 4–6 as active
^gAssessed by a single item extracted from SF-12, "How would you generally like to say that your health is?"
^hGeneral self-efficacy scale (GSE) score, ranging from 10 to 40 points, with high scores indicating high self-efficacy
ⁱTampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) score, ranging from 11 to 44 points, with high scores indicating high kinesiophobia
^jPain duration in years
^kPain intensity = “average level of pain in the last week,” measured using a 6-point Likert scale, with answers ranging from No pain at all to Tremendous amount of pain

ISSN: 1471-2318