The longitudinal association of cognitive appraisals and coping strategies with physical functioning in older adults with joint pain and comorbidity: a cohort study

Table 2 Scores of the repeated measures over 18 months of cognitive appraisals, coping strategies, physical functioning, and time-dependent covariates

	Score range	Baseline (n = 407)	6 months (n = 364)	12 months (n = 337)	18 months (n = 319)
Outcome
Physical functioning^a	0–100	48.7 (25.8)	50.1 (27.4)	49.8 (27.5)	49.5 (27.4)
Cognitive appraisals
Consequences	0–10	5.3 (2.7)	5.1 (2.6)	4.9 (2.7)	4.8 (2.7)
Concerns	0–10	5.1 (3.7)	5.5 (3.0)	5.2 (3.1)	5.2 (3.0)
Emotional representations	0–10	4.2 (3.0)	4.3 (2.9)	3.9 (3.0)	4.0 (3.0)
Self-efficacy^a	6–60	33.8 (12.5)	34.2 (13.5)	35.3 (13.1)	35.6 (12.8)
Catastrophizing	0–6	1.8 (1.5)	1.9 (1.6)	1.8 (1.6)	1.8 (1.5)
Cognitive coping
Ignoring pain^a	0–6	3.0 (1.5)	2.9 (1.4)	3.1 (1.5)	3.0 (1.4)
Positive self-statement^a	0–6	3.5 (1.8)	3.5 (1.8)	3.4 (1.8)	3.4 (1.7)
Behavioural coping
Increasing activity levels^a	0–6	3.4 (1.7)	3.3 (1.6)	3.4 (1.6)	3.3 (1.6)
Activity avoidance	5–20	12.2 (3.5)	12.1 (3.6)	12.2 (3.6)	12.0 (3.6)
Time-dependent covariates
Pain intensity	0–100	64.4 (17.3)	65.0 (18.5)	61.6 (19.8)	62.7 (19.4)
Anxiety symptoms	0–21	5.1 (3.7)	5.4 (3.7)	4.9 (3.8)	4.9 (3.6)
Depression symptoms	0–21	5.4 (3.5)	5.3 (3.6)	4.9 (3.5)	5.3 (3.9)

ISSN: 1471-2318