Table 3 Association between Participation Status and Key Health Characteristics comparing Participants (0) and Non-participants with Short Questionnaire (1) at Baseline (Valid Cases: n = 635)

Married and living together

682

53.0

46.9

0.78

0.58, 1.06

0.521

1.05

0.75, 1.46

0.792

School education years

671

 < 10

39.9

56.5

Ref.

Ref.

 10

26.7

23.5

0.62

0.42, 0.90

0.013

0.61

0.41, 0.90

0.013

 >10

33.4

20.0

0.42

0.29, 0.61

<0.001

0.51

0.35, 0.76

0.001

≥ 1 chronic disease

679

80.5

64.3

0.44

0.31, 0.62

<0.001

0.37

0.25, 0.54

<0.001

Quality of life (Total score)

653

78.7 (16.9)

67.1 (23.3)

0.97

0.96, 0.98

<0.001

0.98

0.97, 0.99

<0.001

 Mobility problems

679

28.6

51.8

2.68

1.95, 3.70

<0.001

2.07

1.47, 2.91

<0.001

 Self-care problems

677

10.1

29.2

3.67

2.37, 5.69

<0.001

2.48

1.55, 3.96

<0.001

 Problems performing usual activities

677

23.9

44.7

2.58

1.84, 3.60

<0.001

1.83

1.27, 2.62

0.001

 Pain/discomfort

662

59.4

69.7

1.57

1.14, 2.17

0.006

1.36

0.98, 1.91

0.069

 Anxiety/depression

659

18.7

34.9

2.34

1.62, 3.38

<0.001

2.03

1.39, 2.97

<0.001

Poly-pharmacy

678

55.7

47.9

0.73

0.54, 0.99

0.044

0.59

0.42, 0.81

0.001

Need for assistance

678

16.7

32.5

2.39

1.65, 3.47

<0.001

1.49

0.99, 2.26

0.056