Table 2 Comparison of baseline patient factors between 3 frailty transition states (n = 122)

Demographics

Age

75.4 (7.1)

77.1 (6.9)

73.9 (7.2)

75.3 (7.1)

Gender (Male %)

40.1

38.5

36.4

46.2

Race (Chinese %)

94.3

92.3

97.7

92.3

Education years

7.1 (5.0)

6.6 (4.8)

7.3 (4.5)

7.3 (5.8)

CDR global

0.9 (0.5)

0.9 (0.5)

0.9 (0.4)

0.9 (0.5)

CDR Sum of boxes

4.0 (3.0)

4.6 (2.9)

3.8 (2.7)

3.6 (3.4)

CMMSE

20.0 (6.5)

19.2 (5.3)

20.9 (5.2)

20.1 (6.5)

Medical comorbidities

HT (%)

65.6

74.4

54.6

69.2

DM (%)

29.5

38.5

20.5

30.8

Hyperlipidemia (%)

70.5

66.7

70.5

74.4

IHD (%)

21.3

23.1

25.0

15.4

Smoker/ex-heavy smoker (%)

15.5

12.8

18.2

15.3 *

AF (%)

3.3

5.1

0.0

5.1

PVD (%)

0.8

2.6

0

0

Multimorbidity score

2.1 (1.2)

2.2 (1.2)

1.9 (1.2)

2.1 (1.3)

MDD (%)

2.5

2.6

2.3

2.6

Neurodegeneration and wm scores

APOE status

E2/e2

0.8

2.6

0

0

E2/e3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0

E2/e4

1.6

2.6

2.3

0

E3/e3

47.5

43.6

47.7

51.3

E3/e4

32.8

33.3

31.8

33.3

E4/e4

4.9

7.7

4.6

2.6

MTA score

1.2 (1.1)

1.2 (1.1)

1.3 (1.0)

1.2 (1.1)

ARWMC score

4.9 (4.2)

5.0 (5.2)

5.5 (4.1)

4.2 (3.1)

Function, behaviour and burden scores

ADL

97.8 (5.8)

95.9 (9.0)

99.0 (2.8)

98.5 (3.1)*^a

iADL

15.7 (13.7)

13.7 (5.9)

16.5 (5.1)

16.8 (4.6) *^{a, b}

NPI total severity

2.1 (1.7)

2.2 (1.8)

2.3 (1.9)

1.7 (1.3)

NPI CG distress

3.6 (5.3)

3.9 (6.0)

4.4 (5.5)

2.2 (3.9)

Zarit total

22.6 (16.1)

21.6 (12.6)

24.1 (19.8)

21.9 (14.7)

FAI total

22.9 (8.1)

21.0 (7.9)

24.9 (8.7)

22.7 (7.1)

Nutrition, lean mass and functional performance

MNA total

11.8 (1.4)

11.6 (1.2)

118 (1.6)

12.2 (1.4)

Grip strength

19.5 (7.5)

18.1 (7.3)

20.6 (8.0)

19.8 (7.1)

SPPB total

8.7 (2.3)

8.6 (2.1)

9.2 (2.2)

8.2 (2.6)

Lean mass measurement

6.6 (8.2)

8.0 (13.9)

5.9 (0.9)

5.8 (0.9)

Treatment

Donepezil

44.5

42.1

41.9

50.0

Galantamine

0

0

0

0

Rivastigmine

4.2

5.3

4.7

2.6

Memantine

22.7

34.2

25.6

7.9 *

Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors

Expenses

 More than enough

34.4

60.1

44.4

63.0

 Fair

37.5

33.3

44.4

29.6

 Not enough

28.1

3.0

11.1

7.4

Lifestyle factors (%)

Daily Activities

 1 + h

33.3

39.4

22.2

40.7

 20-59 min

31.3

27.3

38.9

25.9

  < 20 min

19.8

18.2

22.2

18.5

 none

15.6

15.2

16.7

14.8

Vegetable and fruit intake (%)

Daily

83.3

78.8

86.1

85.2

< Daily

16.7

21.2

13.9

14.8

Fish intake (%)

Daily

41.7

30.3

55.6

37.0

< Daily

58.3

69.7

44.4

63.0 (p = 0.08)

Social support factors (%)

Neighbours

 None

22.9

27.3

22.2

18.5

 1-4

49.0

45.4

52.8

48.2

 5-9

14.6

12.1

11.1

22.2

 10+

13.5

15.2

13.9

11.1

Laboratory investigations

Total chol

4.9 (1.1)

5.1 (1.1)

4.8 (1.2)

5.0 (0.9)

LDL

2.8 (0.9)

3.0 (1.0)

2.6 (0.9)

2.8 (0.8)

HDL

1.6 (0.7)

1.6 (0.5)

1.6 (0.7)

1.7 (0.7) *

TG

1.3 (0.7)

1.2 (0.7)

1.4 (0.9)

1.2 (0.5) *

Vit D level

30.3 (11.9)

29.5 (13.1)

29.6 (10.6)

32.1 (12.1)