Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of frailty and individual characteristics

Age (per 10 year increase)

1.42 (1.38–1.47)

1.30 (1.25–1.35)

1.63 (1.57–1.68)

1.47 (1.42–1.53)

Sex (female vs. male)

1.35 (1.21–1.52)

1.22 (1.08–1.38)

1.57 (1.40–1.74)

1.39 (1.23–1.56)

Rural status (rural vs. urban)

0.96 (0.82–1.12)

-

1.12 (0.98–1.29)

-

Caregiver inability (yes vs. no)

1.02 (0.86–1.23)

1.13 (0.93–1.37)

1.69 (1.46–1.96)

1.86 (1.55–2.22)

Caregiver unsatisfied (yes vs. no)

1.12 (0.82–1.54)

-

1.14 (0.85–1.53)

-

Caregiver distress (yes vs. no)

1.27 (1.09–1.48)

1.53 (1.29–1.83)

1.42 (1.23–1.63)

1.54 (1.30–1.83)

Living situation (ref. group = lives alone)

 Lives with spouse and/or child(ren)

1.25 (1.04–1.50)

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

1.44 (1.22–1.70)

0.90 (0.75–1.09)

 Lives with other family

0.32 (0.27–0.37)

0.43 (0.36–0.51)

0.28 (0.24–0.33)

0.35 (0.29–0.41)

 Lives in group home

0.49 (0.42–0.58)

0.53 (0.44–0.63)

0.65 (0.56–0.76)

0.59 (0.49–0.70)

Residential care history (yes vs. no)

0.93 (0.76–1.15)

0.81 (0.64–1.02)

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

0.60 (0.47–0.76)

Cognition level (CPS) (ref. group = intact)

 Borderline intact (1)

0.79 (0.65–0.97)

0.94 (0.76–1.17)

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

1.08 (0.87–1.36)

 Mild impairment (2)

1.12 (0.96–1.42)

1.18 (0.96–1.45)

1.54 (1.27–1.87)

1.41 (1.14–1.75)

 Moderate + impairment (3+)

1.23 (1.04–1.45)

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

0.72 (0.61–0.85)

1.46 (1.20–1.77)

Institutional risk CAP (triggered vs. not)

4.00 (3.25–4.93)

4.32 (3.45–5.42)

8.91 (7.40–10.71)

9.19 (7.47–11.31)