Table 2 Mortality (2004–2011) in SLAS cohort by living arrangement and other characteristics at baseline
From: Mortality of older persons living alone: Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies
|  | No (%) or mean (SD) | Person–years | Dead (N = 227) | Alive (N = 2384) | P value | Mortality rate per 1,000 p–y | Univariate HR (95 % C.I.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 2553 | 8062 | 227 (8.7) | 2384 (91.3) | Â | 28.2 | Â | Â |
Age (mean, SD) | 66.04 (7.7) | Â | 73.27 (9.4) | 65.35 (7.1) | <0.0001 | Â | Â | Â |
 <75 | 2221 | 7014 | 131 (57.7) | 2138 (89.7) | <0.0001 | 18.7 | 1.00 |  |
 75–84 | 282 | 884 | 68 (30.0) | 221 (9.3) |  | 76.9 | 3.88 | (2.90–5.20) |
 85+ | 50 | 165 | 28. (12.3) | 25. (1.0) |  | 169.7 | 8.11 | (5.37–12.25) |
Female | 1618 | 5095 | 99. (43.6) | 1549. (65.0) | <0.0001 | 19.4 | 1.00 | Â |
Male | 935 | 2967 | 128 (56.4) | 835 (35.0) |  | 43.1 | 2.36 | (1.81–3.07) |
Housing type: Higher end public and private | 1780 | 5525 | 116 (51.1) | 1706 (71.6) | <0.0001 | 21.0 | 1.00 | Â |
 Low end (1–3 room) public | 773 | 2537 | 111 (48.9) | 678 (28.4) |  | 43.8 | 1.51 | (1.16–1.98) |
No. medical comorbidities :  ≤1 | 815 | 2631 | 46 (20.3) | 787 (33.0) | <0.0001 | 17.5 | 1.00 |  |
 ≥2 | 1738 | 5432 | 181 (79.7) | 1597 (67.0) |  | 33.3 | 2.06 | (1.49–2.85) |
History of Hypertension: No | 1128 | 3549 | 74 (32.6) | 1085 (45.5) | 0.0002 | 20.9 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 1425 | 4514 | 153 (67.4) | 1299 (54.5) |  | 33.9 | 1.54 | (1.16–2.03) |
History of Diabetes: No | 2114 | 6653 | 164 (72.3) | 1995 (83.7) | <0.0001 | 24.7 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 439 | 1409 | 63 (27.8) | 389 (16.3) |  | 44.7 | 1.77 | (1.33–2.37) |
History of Chronic Lung Disease: No | 2461 | 7781 | 211 (93.0) | 2301 (96.5) | 0.011 | 27.1 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 92 | 268 | 16 (7.1) | 78 (3.3) |  | 59.7 | 2.19 | (1.31–3.64) |
History of Stroke: No | 2459 | 7759 | 207 (91.2) | 2303 (96.6) | <0.0001 | 26.7 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 94 | 303 | 20 (8.8) | 81 (3.4) |  | 66.0 | 2.79 | (1.76–4.43) |
History of Heart Disease: No | 2326 | 7313 | 180 (79.3) | 2191 (91.9) | <0.0001 | 24.6 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 227 | 730 | 47 (20.7) | 186 (7.8) |  | 64.4 | 2.50 | (1.81–3.45) |
History of Kidney Failure: No | 2536 | 8009 | 225 (99.1) | 2368 (99.3) | 0.715 | 28.1 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 17 | 53 | 2 (0.9) | 16 (0.7) |  | 37.7 | 1.25 | (0.31–5.02) |
IADL–BADL % (at least 1 item) disability: No | 1926 | 6003 | 98 (43.2) | 1872 (78.5) | <0.0001 | 16.3 | 1.00 |  |
 Yes | 627 | 2059 | 129 (56.8) | 512 (21.5) |  | 62.6 | 3.06 | (2.35–3.99) |
Depressive symptoms (GDS > =5): No | 2217 | 6892 | 178 (79.1) | 2078 (87.4) | 0.0005 | 25.8 | 1.00 |  |
 Yes | 336 | 1141 | 47 (20.9) | 300 (12.6) |  | 41.2 | 1.39 | (1.01–1.92) |
Single, divorce, widowed: No | 1909 | 6049 | 1802 (7.7) | 141 (62.4) | Â | 23.3 | 1.00 | |
 Yes | 644 | 1997 | 578 (24.3) | 85 (37.6) | <0.0001 | 42.6 | 1.93 | (1.47–2.53) |
Living alone: No | 2364 | 7324 | 198 (89.6) | 2166 (92.9) | 0.044 | 27.0 | 1.00 | Â |
 Yes | 189 | 567 | 23 (10.4) | 166 (7.1) |  | 40.5 | 1.60 | (1.04–2.46) |