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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of newly admitted residents to LTC and CCC facilities in Ontario, Canada according to antipsychotic drug use (N = 47,768)

From: A retrospective, longitudinal study of factors associated with new antipsychotic medication use among recently admitted long-term care residents

Characteristic

 

Non-users

New users

p value*

Number of residents

 

n = 44,636

n = 3,132

 
  

n (%)

n (%)

 

Demographic

    

Age, mean (SD)

 

83.23 (9.5)

82.51 (8.8)

<0.0001

Under 65

 

2,152 (4.8)

128 (4.1)

<0.0001

 65–74 years

 

3,685 (8.3)

323 (10.3)

 

 75–84 years

 

15,159 (34.0)

1,231 (39.3)

 

 85+ years

 

23,640 (53.0)

1,450 (46.3)

 

Gender

    

 Female

 

30,241 (67.7)

1,902 (60.7)

<0.0001

Clinical

    

Functional Scales and CAPS

    

ADL Hierarchy Scalea

0

4,457 (10.0)

230 (7.3)

<0.0001

 

1-2

13,557 (30.4)

1,023 (32.7)

 
 

3+

26,622 (59.6)

1,879 (60.0)

 

CHESSb

0

25,085 (56.1)

1,782 (56.9)

0.047

 

1-2

17,924 (40.1)

1,211 (38.7)

 
 

3+

1,654 (3.7)

139 (4.4)

 

CPSc

0

9,392 (21.0)

242 (7.7)

<0.0001

 

1-2

17,960 (40.2)

943 (30.1)

 
 

3+

17,284 (38.7)

1,947 (62.2)

 

Communication CAP

 

13,819 (31.0)

1,331 (42.5)

<0.0001

Delirium CAP

 

3,048 (6.8)

338 (10.8)

<0.0001

Comorbidities

    

 Comorbid Conditions, mean (SD)

 

4.66 (2.2)

4.34 (2.1)

<0.0001

 Any Dementia

 

21,541 (48.3)

2,337 (74.6)

<0.0001

 Congestive Heart Failure

 

6,538 (14.7)

342 (10.9)

<0.0001

 Hypertension

 

25,770 (57.7)

1,691 (54.0)

<0.0001

 Diabetes (type I and/or II)

 

11,064 (24.8)

658 (21.0)

<0.0001

Other Clinical Symptoms

    

 Hearing Impairment

 

16,809 (37.7)

1,152 (36.8)

0.33

 Vision Impairment

 

17,910 (40.1)

1,227 (39.2)

0.30

 Paind

 

20,355 (45.6)

1,116 (35.6)

<0.0001

 Motor Agitation

 

3,172 (7.1)

445 (14.2)

<0.0001

 Delusions

 

418 (0.9)

82 (2.6)

<0.0001

 Depressive symptomse

 

8,111 (18.2)

599 (19.1)

<0.0001

 Urinary Tract Infection

 

3,315 (7.4)

213 (6.8)

0.20

Medication Use

    

Number of Medications, mean (SD)

9.44 (4.8)

8.48 (4.7)

<0.0001

Other Psychoactive Medicationsf

 

20,932 (46.9)

1,611 (51.4)

<0.0001

Social

    

 Any Behavioural problemg

 

14,416 (32.3)

1,853 (59.2)

<0.0001

 Conflict with Staff

 

1,409 (3.2)

168 (5.4)

<0.0001

 Conflict with Family/Friends

 

1,863 (4.2)

223 (7.1)

<0.0001

 Reduced Social Engagement

 

27,618 (61.9)

1,620 (51.7)

<0.0001

 Isolation

 

1,468 (3.3)

131 (4.2)

0.007

Treatments and Service Use

    

 Use of restraints

 

2,916 (6.5)

224 (7.2)

0.18

 Hospital Stay

 

12,626 (28.3)

800 (25.5)

0.001

 Emergency Department visits

 

6,752 (15.1)

461 (14.7)

0.54

Other

    

Days between assessments (baseline to follow up) mean (SD)

 

85.48 (15.6)

85.74 (15.4)

0.002

  1. CAP, Clinical Assessment Protocol; CCC, Complex Continuing Care; LTC, Long-Term Care; SD, Standard Deviation
  2. aADL Hierarchy Scale: Activities of Daily Living Scale [range 0-6]: Functionally independent (ADL score of 0); supervision required to limited impairment (ADL score of 1-2); extensive impairment to total dependence (ADL score 3+)
  3. bCHESS: Changes in Health, End-stage disease and Signs and Symptoms [range 0-6]: Health stability classified as having no health instability (CHESS score of 0); minimal to low health instability (CHESS score of 1–2); or moderate to very high health instability (CHESS score 3+)
  4. cCPS: Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS version 2) [range 0–6]: Intact cognition (CPS score of 0); borderline intact to mild cognitive impairment (CPS score 1–2); moderate to very severe cognitive impairment (CPS score 3+)
  5. dPain Scale: [range 0-4]: Pain classified as any pain (score of 1+)
  6. eDepressive symptoms: either presence of depression using the check-box item on the MDS 2.0 or a score of 3 or more on the Depression Rating Scale [range 0-6], which represents probable depressive symptoms
  7. fOther Psychoactive Medication includes anti-depressants, hypnotics, or anxiolytics
  8. gAny behavioural problems: Composite item for any wandering, verbal or physical abuse, resistance to care or socially inappropriate behaviour