Table 6 Correlates of pain with physical function

Brummel-Smith 2002³⁶

104 (excluding those unable to self-report pain)

Moderate-severe pain 60 %, no-mild pain 40 % (50 subject unable to answer)

≥1 ADL limitations

SOR 1.9 (95 % CI: 0.6-6.0) with ≥ 1 ADL limitation

7

92 % in dementia sample (n = 154)

Cipher 2004⁴

234

Persistent pain 72 %

ADL independency mean 0.09 (SD 0.99)

Correlations with GMPI ’pain and suffering’

7.5

r = −0.04 (α > 0.05) with ADL independency

Shega 2005⁴⁴

115

Any current pain self-report 32 %, caregiver report 53 %

KATZ mean 8.5 (SD 2.7), IADL mean 15.3 (SD 3.9)

For self-report pain

9.5

No association ADL and IADL (p > 0.05)

For caregiver pain report

No association with ADL or IADL (p > 0.05)

Shega 2010⁴⁵

5549

Moderate or greater pain: 35.8 %

Any IADL impairment: 66.5 %

OR = 1.74 (95 % CI: 1.15-2.62) with any iADL impairment

9

(Adjusted for demographics)

Torvik 2010⁴⁸

106

Current pain in total group 55 %, in cognitive impaired group 52 %

Highly or moderate ADL dependent 36 %

p = 0.20 for current pain and ADL

6.5

SOR = 0.5 (95 % CI: 0.2-1.2) for current pain and ADL high/medium v.s. low

Tosato 2012³

2822

Any pain 19 % (moderate/severe/excruciating pain 13 %)

No disability 8 %, assistance required 43 %, dependent 49 %

SOR 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.9-1.2) with ADL-dependent

11.5

SOR 0.9 (95 % CI: 0.75-1.09) with ADL assistance required

(Adjusted for age, gender, country, cognitive impairment, number of diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, falls, communication problems, and a flare-up of a chronic or recurrent condition)

First author

N

Pain: prevalence

Physical function: prevalence

Correlates of pain with ADL or IADL

Quality of study

Black 2006³⁹

123

Pain 63 %

Nutrition/hydration problems total sample 85 %

SOR 1.9 (95 % CI: 0.7-5.3) with nutrition/hydration problems

6.5

Brummel-Smith 2002⁴⁰

104 (excluding those unable to self-report pain)

Moderate-severe pain 60 %, no-mild pain 40 % (50 subject unable to answer)

≥1 ADL limitations

SOR 1.6 (95 % CI: 0.6-4.2) with bladder incontinence

7

92 % in dementia sample (n = 154)

D’Astolfo 2006⁴⁴

140

Pain 64 % (musculoskeletal pain 40 %)

Use of wheel chair 60 %

SOR 1.5 (95 % CI: 0.7-3.0) with use of wheel chair or bedridden

7

Requires assistance 34 %

SOR 1.0 (95 % CI: 0.5-2.0) with requires assistance

(Analyses in sample of no dementia-severe dementia)

Lin 2011⁴⁶

112

Observed pain 37 % (PAINAD > =2)

Being restrained 46 %; observed care activities: bathing 43 %, assisted transfer 31 %, self-transfer 26 %

OR = 5.4 (95 % CI: 2.3-12.5) and AOR = 3.0 (95 % CI: 1.0-8.7) with being restrained

12

OR = 23.4 (95 % CI: 3.0-188) and AOR = 19.2 (95 % CI: 2.3-162) with bathing

OR = 29.7 (95 % CI: 3.6-242) and AOR = 11.3 (95 % CI: 1.2-102) with assisted transfer, both compared to self-transfer

(Adjusted for gender, age, wound, restraint, tube present in body, recent fall, severity of dementia and type of activity)

Williams 2005⁴³

331

Pain 21 %, in nh 23 %, in rc/al 20 % (self-report for subgroup MMSE > 10 was higher: 39 % and 25 %)

Low activity 47 %, immobile 12 %

OR = 0.65 (95 % CI: 0.38-1.11) and AOR = 0.64 (95 % CI: 0.37-1.10) with low activity

10

Low food intake 53 %

OR = 1.1 (95 % CI: 0.49-2.29) and AOR = 0.8 (95 % CI: 0.37-1.69) with immobility

Low fluid intake 51 %

OR = 1.18 (95 % CI: 0.64-2.17) and AOR = 1.03 (95 % CI: 0.56-1.87) with low food intake

OR = 1.20 (95 % CI: 0.67-2.15) and AOR 1.14 (95 % CI: 0.66-1.99) with low fluid intake

(Adjusted for: sex, race, age, cognitive status, number of 10 comorbidities, impairments of 7 activities of daily living)