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Table 2 Measurements of pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms and physical function

From: Erratum to: Association between pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and physical function in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Measurement of pain

Measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms

Measurement of function

First author

Rating scale

Method of detection

Rating scale

Method of detection

Rating scale

Method of detection

Ahn 201336

MDS pain severity scale, combining pain frequency and pain intensity

Self-report, if not possible staff report based on proxy reports

MDS subscales; wandering-item, aggression behaviour scale (ABS), challenging behaviour profile (CBP) agitation subscale

Patient self-report, proxy and professional

MDS-ADL long form (7 items)

Staff observation

Bartels 20038

No use of rating scale

Data collection instrument (3-month period), raters unknown

MDS for depression

Medical records

MDS (number of ADLs)

Medical records

Black 200639

No use of rating scale

Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview surrogate and physician

No use of rating scales

Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview proxy and staff

No use of rating scale

Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview proxy and staff

Brummel-Smith 200240

1 out of 3 scales: faces or line scale, or word-based pain intensity scale

self-report, assessed by trained research assistants

No use of rating scales

Trained research assistants

No use of rating scale

Trained research assistants

Cipher 20044

GMPI pain and suffering subscale

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist

-GDS-15 “-26 dysfunctional behaviours with scores “1-7”

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist

PRADLI

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist

Cipher 200641

GMPI

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members

GLDS, 19 categories with scores 1-7

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members, Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26, Months

GLDS

Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members

D’Astolfo 200644

No use of rating scale

Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26 months

No use of rating scales

 

No use of rating scale

Medical records Ambulatory status: independent, requires assistance, wheel chair (or bedridden n?=?1)

Gruber-Baldini 200545

PGC-PIS, score ≥ 2

Rating by supervisory staff member

CSDD

Rating by supervisory staff member

MDS; activities of daily living scale, SMOI

Rating/observation by supervisory staff member

CMAI

Kunik 200530

PGC-PIS, item on level of pain in previous week, scores 1-6

Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant

CMAI

Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant

-

-

HAM-D

NPI (subdomains delusion/hallucinations)

Leonard 200650

MDS pain burden using a 4-level composite score based on pain frequency and intensity

-

MDS (Physical aggression: MDS item 'others were hit, shoved, scratched, sexually abused'; Depression: MDS score ≥3 on sum of 9 items, e.g. 'being sad', 'making negative statements', 'persistent anger with self or others', 'pained facial expressions'. (At least once in week before)

-

-

-

Leong 200735

PAINAD for non-communicative patients

Interviews with patient and staff member by professionals for communicative patients

Depression with GDS-15 or STAI

Self-report or staff report

AAS

Not reported

Anxiety with Cornell

Lin 201146

PAINAD-Chinese version

Observation immediately following instances of routine care by principal investigator and research assistant

No use of rating scales

Medical records and observations by professional

No use of rating scale

Medical records and observation by professional

Morgan 201247

PGC-PIS worst pain item

Not reported

CMAI aggression subscale

Not reported

-

-

CMAI non-aggressive physical agitation subscale

HAM-D depression

Norton 201042

PPQ, intensity item, 10–14 day baseline

Primary CNA and data used from medical records

RMBPC-NH, selection of 3 need driven behaviours, BEHAVE-AD

Primary CNA and unit staff

PSMS

Nurses and trained research assistants

Shega 200548

VDS, 1 item on presence and severity of pain ‘right now’

Interviews with patients and caregivers by trained research assistant

GDS-15

Interview patient and proxy

KATZ

Interview patient and proxy

CMAI

IADL

Shega 201049

VDS, 5 point, ‘pain past 4 weeks’

Interviews with patient by trained research assistant

Mental Health screening questionnaire; 5-item and 6 point scale

Interview with patient by trained research assistant

OARS/IADL; 3 point scale

Interview patient by trained research assistant

Torvik 201048

VRS, 4 point, ‘pain right now’

Patient self-report

DQoL, 29-items on 5 domains: self-esteem, aesthetics, positive affect, negative affect, belonging

Not reported

Barthel

Self-report and medical records

Tosato 20123

InterRAI LTCF

InterRAI LTCF questions and observation of behaviour, any type of pain or discomfort of the body in previous 3 days by trained (research) staff

InterRAI LTCF 5 behavioural symptoms, previous 3 days

Not reported

MDS ADL Hierarchy Scale

Data recorded by study physicians

Volicer 200937

MDS-RAI pain frequency (item J2a)

Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff

MDS Depression Rating Scale

Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff

-

-

MDS item J1e for delusions MDS item J1i for hallucinations

Volicer 201151

MDS

Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff

MDS items I1ee, E1a, E1d, E1f, E1b, E1i, E1l, E1m for depression

Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff

-

-

MDS for delusions and hallucinations

MDS items B5b, E1b, E4aa, E4da for agitation

Williams 200543

PGC-PIS, score =2, and 0–10 pain numeric rating scale

Registered nurses or licensed practical nurses and interview with overseeing supervisor

CSDD, score =7

Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses

MDS-ADL

Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses

CMAI, any behaviour at least weekly

APAS

SMOI

Zieber 200538

DS-DAT, and a 7-point pain rating scale

Trained facility nurses, palliative care nurse consultants

PAS

Trained facility nurses

-

-

  1. Abbreviations: MDS Minimum Dataset, ADL Activities of Daily Living, GMPI Geriatric Multidimensional Pain and Illness Inventory, GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale-15 short version, PRADLI Psychosocial Resistance to Activities of Daily Living Index, GLDS Geriatric Level of Dysfunction Scale, PGC-PIS Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Pain Intensity Scale, CSDD Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, CMAI Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, SMOI Structured Meal Observational Instrument, HAM-D Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory, PAINAD Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, AAS Adjusted Activity Scale, PPQ Proxy Pain Questionnaire, CNA Certified Nursing Assistant, RMBPC-NH Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist-Nursing Home, BEHAVE-AD Behavioural Pathology in Alzheimer’s disease, PSMS Physical Self Maintenance Scale, VDS Verbal Descriptor Scale, KATZ Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, OARS/IADL Older Americans Recourses and Services/Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, VRS Verbal Rating Scale, DQol Dementia Quality of life, APAS Albert Patient activity Scale, DS-DAT Discomfort Scale - Dementia of Alzheimer Type, PAS Pittsburgh Agitation Scale