Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to CESD-R score status (<16 vs. ≥ 16), N = 668*
Baseline Characteristics | CESD-R scorea | P Value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|
<16 (n = 489, 73 %) | ≥16 (n = 179, 26 %) | ||
Demographics | |||
Age, mean (SD), y | 77.9 ± 5.3 | 78.4 ± 5.5 | 0.44 |
Gender | 0.071 | ||
Men | 193 (39.5) | 57 (31.8) | |
Women | 296 (60.5) | 122 (68.2) | |
White Race | 397 (81.2) | 138 (77.0) | 0.58 |
Educational level, mean (SD), y | 14.98 ± 5.1 | 14.97 ± 8.1 | 0.11 |
Health behaviors | |||
Body mass index, kg/m2,b | 0.31 | ||
<25 | 148 (30.3) | 62 (34.6) | |
25-29.9 | 208 (42.5) | 78 (43.6) | |
≥30 | 133 (27.2) | 39 (21.8) | |
Current smoker | 283 (57.9) | 102 (57.) | 0.84 |
Alcohol use (Endorsing ≥2 drinks per week) | 136 (27.8) | 35 (19.6) | 0.03 |
Physical activity scorec | 0.024 | ||
0- 66 | 139 (28.4) | 68 (38.0) | |
66.01-124 | 164 (33.5) | 59 (33.0) | |
124.01-559 | 181 (37.0) | 49 (27.4) | |
Health conditions | |||
Comorbidity index | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.8 | <.0001 |
Hypertension | 374 (76.5) | 147 (82.1) | 0.075 |
Hyperlipidemia | 285 (58.3) | 103 (57.5) | 0.54 |
Diabetes | 84 (17.2 | 42 (23.5) | 0.066 |
Previous Stroke | 39 (8.0) | 27 (15.1) | 0.007 |
Coronary artery disease | 67 (13.7) | 40 (22.4) | 0.0044 |
Congestive Heart failure | 16 (3.3) | 18 (10.1) | 0.0004 |
Cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24)d | 42 (8.6) | 30 (16.8) | 0.0026 |
Medications | |||
Any cardiovascular medication | 320 (65.4) | 134 (74.86) | 0.024 |
Psychotropic Medication | 30 (6.1) | 16 (8.94) | 0.21 |
Biomarkers measures | |||
C-Reactive Protein, mean (SD), mg/L | 3.8 ± 12.3 | 5.3 ± 14.8 | 0.19 |
Interleukin-6, mean (SD), pg/mL | 3.8 ± 7.5 | 4.2 ± 5.7 | 0.046 |
Soluble ICAM-1, mean (SD), ng/mL | 258 ± 75 | 273 ± 87 | 0.064 |
Soluble VCAM-1, mean (SD), ng/mL | 1176 ± 417 | 1239 ± 451 | 0.036 |