Table 1 Clinical characteristics, body composition, muscular strength, and motor ability, before and after a 12-week intervention

Gender

(M/F)

1/12

---

1/11

---

Age

(years)

74.2 ± 3.4

---

74.2 ± 4.3

---

Education

(years)

12.0 ± 1.8

---

11.9 ± 1.7

---

SBP

(mmHg)

144 ± 15

137 ± 22

138 ± 18

140 ± 16

DBP

(mmHg)

82 ± 7

82 ± 11

84 ± 12

79 ± 7

BMI

(kg/m²)

21.7 ± 2.9

21.3 ± 3.0*

24.2 ± 4.5

23.8 ± 4.2*

Body fat

(%)

26.4 ± 6.6

25.3 ± 5.8

30.5 ± 6.6

30.2 ± 5.4**

Leg muscle mass

(kg)

8.2 ± 1.6

7.7 ± 1.5*

9.1 ± 2.2

9.0 ± 1.9

Quad. muscle strength

(kg)

24.1 ± 6.6

28.5 ± 6.2*

24.9 ± 6.5

28.8 ± 7.4*

MSL

(cm)

97.3 ± 14.6

107.7 ± 12.1*

94.4 ± 15.8

100.0 ± 16.1*

TUG

(sec)

5.82 ± 1.38

5.54 ± 1.00

5.84 ± 1.31

5.93 ± 1.10

Single-leg standing

(sec)

71.7 ± 48.3

83.3 ± 46.8

68.2 ± 43.3

78.8 ± 42.4