Table 2 Multivariable associations between participant characteristics and measured or perceived frailty

Age (per 5-yr increase)

1.08 (0.95-1.24)

1.36 (1.11-1.68)

1.07 (0.76-1.51)

0.81 (0.70-0.95)

Being a woman

1.34 (0.71-2.53)

1.74 (0.91-3.31)

2.25 (0.82-6.21)

1.18 (0.57-2.42)

Non-African American race

1.72 (0.71-4.17)

1.30 (0.79-2.16)

5.51 (3.21-9.48)

4.20 (1.61-10.9)

Post-secondary education

0.37 (0.31-0.45)

Currently employed

0.16 (0.05-0.53)

History of smoking

3.05 (1.28-7.29)

3.69 (1.54-8.81)

Obese

1.27 (0.65-2.47)

0.21 (0.16-0.29)

0.44 (0.27-0.72)

Comorbidities^b

1.07 (0.83-1.38)

1.49 (1.27-1.75)

1.23 (0.73-2.06)

1.29 (0.97-1.72)

Disability^c

1.47 (1.04-2.08)

1.26 (0.70-2.24)

1.97 (0.63-6.18)

1.43 (1.02-1.99)

Frailty

 Non frail

-

ref

ref

ref

 Intermediately frail

-

1.21 (0.53-2.78)

6.23 (2.35-16.5)

2.06 (0.79-5.36)

 Frail

-

2.77 (0.87-8.83)

4.19 (0.92-19.1)

1.28 (0.50-3.30)