Table 4 Correlates of pain with agitation/aggression

Ahn 2013 [ 36 ]

56577

Not reported

Aggression 24% Agitation 24%

AOR 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01-1.08) with aggression AOR 1.17 (95% CI: 1.13-1.20) with agitation Subsample without use of psychotropic medication AOR 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.15) with aggression AOR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08-1.25) with agitation (Adjusted for cognition, ADL, sociodemographics)

10

Bartels 2003 [ 8 ]

1836

Pain 27%

Agitation 44%,

SOR 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9-1.4) with agitation

4

Kunik 2005 [ 34 ]

99

Pain mean 2.4 (SD 1.2)

Agitation (CMAI) mean 14.3 (SD 4.1)

r=0.20 (p≤0.05) with aggression

8.5

Leonard 2006 [ 50 ]

103344

Pain 24%; mild pain 15%, moderate to severe pain 9%

Physical aggression 7%

SOR 0.8 (95% CI: 0.8-0.9) for pain burden and physical aggression

9

Morgan 2012 [ 47 ]

171

Worst pain mean 1.91 (SD 1.53)

Non aggressive physical agitation (CMAI) mean 12.14 (SD 4.50)

Baseline: r = 0.06 (n.s.) with aggression Follow-up: depression indirectly predicted onset of aggression, through pain

9.5

Shega 2005 [ 48 ]

115

Any current pain self-report 32%, caregiver report 53%

Agitation (CMAI) mean 46.9 (SD 18.9),

For self-report pain no association with agitation (p>0.05) For caregiver pain report p=0.04 with agitation

9.5

Volicer 2011 [ 51 ]

1101

Any pain 49%

Agitation (score>0, range 0–5) 76%

r=0.22 to 0.26 (p<0.001) with agitation (Range of correlations scores over 4 periods.) Follow-up: Longitudinal changes in agitation scores are related to changes in depression score but not to pain.

12

Zieber 2005 [ 38 ]

58

Not reported

Not reported

r=0.51 (p<0.01) for DS-DAT scores and agitation (PAS-total) Pain rating by palliative care nurse consultants: r=0.49 (p<0.01) with agitation (PAS-total) Pain rating by facility nurse: r=0.28 (p<0.05) with agitation (PAS-total)

8