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Table 3 Correlates of pain with depression

From: Association between pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and physical function in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author

N

Pain: prevalence

Depression: prevalence

Correlates of pain with depression

Quality of study

Bartels 2003 [ 8 ]

1836

Pain 27%

Depression 32%

SOR 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3-2.0)

4

Cipher 2004 [ 4 ]

234

Persistent pain 72%

Depression (GDS-15) mean 7.8 (SD 3.12)

Correlations with GMPI ‘pain and suffering’ r=0.13 (p<0.05) with GDS-15 depression

7.5

D’Astolfo 2006 [ 44 ]

140

Pain 64% (musculoskeletal pain 40%)

Depression 16%

SOR 1.3 (95% CI: 0.5-3.5) (analyses in sample of no dementia-severe dementia)

7

Gruber-Baldini 2005 [ 45 ]

328

High pain 21%

Depression 23%

SOR 3.1 (95% CI: 1.7-5.5) (in n=328)

8.5

Kunik 2005 [ 34 ]

99

Pain mean (PGC-PIS) 2.4 (SD 1.2)

Depression (HAM-D) mean 7.7 (SD 6.1)

r=0.49 (p ≤0.01)

8.5

Leong 2007 [ 35 ]

225

Pain 44%; chronic pain 34%

Depression 61%

SOR 3.2 (95% CI: 1.8-5.9)

8.5

Lin 2011 [ 46 ]

112

Observed pain 37% (PAINAD >= 2)

Depression 5%

OR=1.2 (95% CI: 0.19-7.26)

12

Morgan 2012 [ 47 ]

171

Worst pain mean 1.91 (SD 1.53)

Depression (HAM-D) mean 6.16 (SD 5.28)

Baseline: r = 0.30 (n.s.)

9.5

Shega 2005 [ 48 ]

115

Any current pain self-report 32%, caregiver report 53%

Depression (GDS-15) mean 3.1 (SD 2.7)

For self-report pain SOR 1.5 (95% CI: 0.6-3.7) For caregiver pain report: SOR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.2-1.1) with patient depression

9.5

Shega 2010 [ 49 ]

5549

Moderate or greater pain: 35.8%

Depressed mood 37.3%

OR=1.69 (95% CI: 1.18-2.44) with depressed mood (Adjusted for demographics)

9

Williams 2005 [ 43 ]

331

Pain 21%, in nh 23%, in rc/al 20% (self-report for subgroup mmse>10 was: 39% and 25%)

Depressed 23%

OR=2.3 (1.1-4.8) and AOR=2.9 (1.2-7.2) (Adjusted for: sex, race, age, cognitive status, number of 10 comorbidities, impairments of 7 activities of daily living)

10

  1. Abbreviations: SOR, Self-Calculated Odds Ratio; SD, Standard Deviation; r, correlation coefficient; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; OR, Odds Ratio; n.s., not significant; GMPI, Geriatric Multidimensional Pain and Illness Inventory; PGC-PIS, Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Pain Intensity Scale.