Table 2 Measurements of pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms and physical function
Measurement of pain | Measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms | Measurement of function | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author | Rating scale | Method of detection | Rating scale | Method of detection | Rating scale | Method of detection |
Ahn 2013 [ 36 ] | MDS pain severity scale, combining pain frequency and pain intensity | Self-report, if not possible staff report based on proxy reports | MDS subscales; wandering-item, aggression behaviour scale (ABS), challenging behaviour profile (CBP) agitation subscale | Patient self-report, proxy and professional | MDS-ADL long form (7 items) | Staff observation |
Bartels 2003 [ 8 ] | No use of rating scale | Data collection instrument (3-month period), raters unknown | MDS for depression | Medical records | MDS (number of ADLs) | Medical records |
Black 2006 [ 39 ] | GMPI pain and suffering subscale | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist | -GDS-15 “-26 dysfunctional behaviours with scores “1-7” | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist | PRADLI | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist |
Cipher 2006 [ 41 ] | GMPI | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members | GLDS, 19 categories with scores 1-7 | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26 Months | GLDS | Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members |
D’Astolfo 2006 [ 44 ] | No use of rating scale | Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26 months | No use of rating scales | No use of rating scale | Medical records Ambulatory status: independent, requires assistance, wheel chair (or bedridden n=1) | |
Gruber-Baldini 2005 [ 45 ] | PGC-PIS, score ≥ 2 | Rating by supervisory staff member | CSDD CMAI | Rating by supervisory staff member | MDS; activities of daily living scale, SMOI | Rating/observation by supervisory staff member |
Kunik 2005 [ 30 ] | PGC-PIS, item on level of pain in previous week, scores 1-6 | Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant | CMAI HAM-D NPI (subdomains delusion/hallucinations) | Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant | - | - |
Leonard 2006 [50] | MDS pain burden using a 4-level composite score based on pain frequency and intensity | - | MDS (Physical aggression: MDS item ‘others were hit, shoved, scratched, sexually abused’; Depression: MDS score≥3 on sum of 9 items, e.g. ‘being sad’, ‘making negative statements’, ‘persistent anger with self or others’, ‘pained facial expressions’. (At least once in week before)) | - | - | - |
Leong 2007 [ 35 ] | PAINAD for non-communicative patients | Interviews with patient and staff member by professionals for communicative patients | Depression with GDS-15 or STAI Anxiety with Cornell | Self-report or staff report | AAS | Not reported |
Lin 2011 [ 46 ] | PAINAD-Chinese version | Observation immediately following instances of routine care by principal investigator and research assistant | No use of rating scales | Medical records and observations by professional | No use of rating scale | Medical records and observation by professional |
Morgan 2012 [ 47 ] | PGC-PIS worst pain item | Not reported | CMAI aggression subscale CMAI non-aggressive physical agitation subscale HAM-D depression | Not reported | - | - |
Norton 2010 [ 42 ] | PPQ, intensity item, 10–14 day baseline | Primary CNA and data used from medical records | RMBPC-NH, selection of 3 need driven behaviours, BEHAVE-AD | Primary CNA and unit staff | PSMS | Nurses and trained research assistants |
Shega 2005 [ 48 ] | VDS, 1 item on presence and severity of pain ‘right now’ | Interviews with patients and caregivers by trained research assistant | GDS-15 CMAI | Interview patient and proxy | KATZ IADL | Interview patient and proxy |
Shega 2010 [ 49 ] | VDS, 5 point, ‘pain past 4 weeks’ | Interviews with patient by trained research assistant | Mental Health screening questionnaire; 5-item and 6 point scale | Interview with patient by trained research assistant | OARS/IADL; 3 point scale | Interview patient by trained research assistant |
Torvik 2010 [ 48 ] | VRS, 4 point, ‘pain right now’ | Patient self-report | DQoL, 29-items on 5 domains: self-esteem, aesthetics, positive affect, negative affect, belonging | Not reported | Barthel | Self-report and medical records |
Tosato 2012 [ 3 ] | InterRAI LTCF | InterRAI LTCF questions and observation of behaviour, any type of pain or discomfort of the body in previous 3 days by trained (research) staff | InterRAI LTCF 5 behavioural symptoms, previous 3 days | Not reported | MDS ADL Hierarchy Scale | Data recorded by study physicians |
Volicer 2009 [ 37 ] | MDS-RAI pain frequency (item J2a) | Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff | MDS Depression Rating Scale MDS item J1e for delusions MDS item J1i for hallucinations | Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff | - | - |
Volicer 2011 [ 51 ] | MDS | Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff | MDS items I1ee, E1a, E1d, E1f, E1b, E1i, E1l, E1m for depression MDS for delusions and hallucinations MDS items B5b, E1b, E4aa, E4da for agitation | Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff | - | - |
Williams 2005 [ 43 ] | PGC-PIS, score ≥2, and 0–10 pain numeric rating scale | Registered nurses or licensed practical nurses and interview with overseeing supervisor | CSDD, score ≥7 CMAI, any behaviour at least weekly | Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses | MDS-ADL, APAS SMOI | Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses |
Zieber 2005 [ 38 ] | DS-DAT, and a 7-point pain rating scale | Trained facility nurses, palliative care nurse consultants | PAS | Trained facility nurses | - | - |