Variablesb | Cases (N = 406) | Controls (N = 670) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age (yr) ± SD | 79.0 ± 8.2 | 79.9 ± 8.3 | 0.104 |
Female | 260 (64%) | 440 (66%) | 0.586 |
White | 404 (99.5%) | 663 (99%) | NA |
Admitted from nursing homes | 60 (15%) | 127 (19%) | 0.080 |
Ex-smoker | 94 (23%) | 137/667c (21%) | 0.313 |
Current smoker | 53 (13%) | 70/666c (11%) | 0.205 |
Medical History | |||
CAD | 139 (34%) | 217 (32%) | 0.532 |
COPD | 122 (30%) | 215 (32%) | 0.484 |
Diabetes | 130 (32%) | 197 (29%) | 0.366 |
CHF | 83 (20%) | 172 (26%) | 0.051 |
Depression | 95 (23%) | 182 (27%) | 0.171 |
Stroke | 58 (14%) | 108 (16%) | 0.420 |
Cognitive impairment | 51 (13%) | 114 (17%) | 0.05 |
Medications | |||
Muscle relaxant | 17 (4%) | 11 (2%) | 0.016‡d |
Anti-cholinergic drugse | 88 (22%) | 180 (27%) | 0.056 |
Calcium channel blocker | 87 (21%) | 129 (19%) | 0.338 |
Potassium supplement | 74 (18%) | 189 (28%) | <0.001‡ |
Calcium supplement | 64 (16%) | 143 (21%) | 0.024‡ |
Iron supplement | 26 (6%) | 79 (12%) | 0.004‡ |
Oral laxativesf | 44/261 (17%) | 111/458 (24%) | 0.021‡ |
Antibiotic use prior to Admission | 32 (8%) | 102 (15%) | <0.001‡ |
Proton pump inhibitor | 152 (37%) | 266 (40%) | 0.460 |
Diuretics | 178 (44%) | 336 (50%) | 0.045‡ |
Narcotics | 106 (26%) | 175 (26%) | 0.999 |
NSAIDS | 52 (13%) | 73 (11%) | 0.343 |
Anti-cholinergic | 51 (13%) | 90 (13%) | 0.681 |
Bronchodilators | |||
β2 agonists inhalers | 81 (20%) | 149 (22%) | 0.375 |
Steroid inhalers | 51 (13%) | 73 (11%) | 0.407 |
Acute diagnosis g of hospital stay | |||
Pneumonia | 81 (20%) | 126 (19%) | 0.644 |
AECOPD | 66 (16%) | 81 (12%) | 0.054 |
Acute CHF | 52 (13%) | 81 (12%) | 0.729 |
Admission blood tests | |||
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.6 (N = 405) | 4.1 ± 0.6 (N = 668) | 0.993 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 0.6 (N = 400) | 9.1 ± 0.6 (N = 665) | 0.520 |
Albumin (gm/dL) | 3.2 ± 0.53 (N = 343) | 3.2 ± 0.52 (N = 600) | 0.416 |