Table 4 Variables showing statistically significant associations with frailty status (n = 1459)

Age , 1 year increment

1.09 (1.07-1.11)*

1.09 (1.07-1.11)*

1.09 (1.07-1.11)*

1.25 (1.21-1.30)*

1.26 (1.22-1.31)*

1.26 (1.21-1.32)*

Living alone (reference: no)

1.56 (1.14-2.15)*

1.47 (1.03-2.10)*

1.57 (1.09-2.25)*

1.65 (0.99-2.73)

1.08 (0.58-2.03)

1.23 (0.63-2.38)

Current alcohol consumption (reference: no)

0.84 (0.68-1.04)

0.91 (0.70-1.20)

0.91 (0.70-1.18)

0.50 (0.34-0.75)*

0.56 (0.33-0.93)*

0.54 (0.32-0.92)*

Engagement in social activities (reference: no)

0.69 (0.54-0.90)*

0.78 (0.58-1.05)

0.78 (0.58-1.05)

0.39 (0.27-0.58)*

0.49 (0.30-0.81)*

0.47 (0.28-0.78)*

Self-perceived health (reference: good/very good)

2.75 (2.04-3.69)*

1.94 (1.40-2.69)*

2.00 (1.42-2.81)*

7.39 (4.92-11.11)*

4.79 (2.90-7.91)*

3.69 (2.17-6.28)*

Depressive and anxiety symptoms (K6), 1 unit increment

1.24 (1.19-1.28)*

1.23 (1.17-1.28)*

1.23 (1.18-1.29)*

1.41 (1.34-1.49)*

1.38 (1.29-1.46)*

1.39 (1.30-1.48)*

Cognitive impairment (reference: MMSE ≥ 24)

2.32 (1.29-4.18)*

1.84 (0.95-3.57)

1.81 (0.93-3.54)

6.33 (3.20-12.50)*

2.36 (0.96-5.83)

2.73 (1.09-6.83)*