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Table 2 A composite rating scale to categorise anticholinergic activity medicines (N = 195)

From: Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: a systematic review

High

Moderate

Low

Aceprometazine [25] (n = 1)

  

Acepromazine [25] (n = 1)

  
 

Alimemazine (trimeprazine) [25] (n = 1)

Alimemazine [24] (n = 1)

Alprazolam [25] (n = 1)

 

Alprazolam [9,22-24] (n = 4)

 

Alverine [25] (n = 1)

Alverine [24] (n = 1)

 

Amantadine [19,24] (n = 2)

Amantadine [9,22] (n = 2)

Amitriptyline [9,19,22-26] (n = 7)

  

Amoxapine [24,25] (n = 2)

  
  

Ampicillin [9] (n = 1)

  

Aripiprazole [24] (n = 1)

  

Asenapine [24] (n = 1)

  

Atenolol [22,24] (n = 2)

Atropine [9,19,22-24] (n = 5)

  
  

Azathioprine [9] (n = 1)

 

Baclofen [19,22] (n = 2)

 

Belladonna [22,25] (n = 2)

Belladonna [24] (n = 1)

 
  

Benazepril [22] (n = 1)

Benzatropine/benztropine [9,19,24,26] (n = 4)

  
  

Betaxolol [22] (n = 1)

  

Bisacodyl [23] (n = 1)

  

Bromocriptine [9] (n = 1)

Brompheniramine [9,24] (n = 2)

  
  

Bupropion [22,24] (n = 2)

  

Captopril [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Carbamazepine [9,24] (n = 2)

Carbamazepine [22] (n = 1)

  

carbidopa [19,22,23] (n = 3)

Carbinoxamine [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Carisoprodol [19] (n = 1)

  
  

Cefamandole [9] (n = 1)

  

Cefoxitin [9] (n = 1)

  

Celecoxib [23] (n = 1)

  

Cephalothin [9] (n = 1)

 

Cetirizine [19,22,23] (n = 3)

Cetirizine [24] (n = 1)

  

Chlordiazepoxide [9,22] (n = 2)

Chlorphenamine/chlorpheniramine [9,19,22-25] (n = 6)

  

Chlorpromazine [9,19,22,24] (n = 4)

  
  

Chlorthalidone/chlortalidone [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Cimetidine [9,19] (n = 2)

Cimetidine [24] (n = 1)

  

Citalopram [23,26] (n = 2)

Clemastine [9,24] (n = 2)

  
  

Clidinium [24] (n = 1)

  

Clindamycin [9] (n = 1)

Clomipramine [9,24,25] (n = 3)

  
  

Clonazepam [9,23] (n = 2)

Clorazepate [25] (n = 1)

 

Clorazepate [9,24] (n = 2)

Clozapine [9,24,26] (n = 3)

Clozapine [19] (n = 1)

 
 

Codeine [25] (n = 1)

Codeine [9,22-24] (n = 4)

Colchicine [25] (n = 1)

 

Colchicine [24] (n = 1)

  

Cortisone [9] (n = 1)

 

Cyclobenzaprine [9,19,24] (n = 3)

Cyclobenzaprine [22] (n = 1)

  

Cycloserine [9] (n = 1)

  

Cyclosporine [9] (n = 1)

Cyproheptadine [19,23] (n = 2)

Cyproheptadine [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Darifenacin [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Desipramine [9,24] (n = 2)

Desipramine [19,22] (n = 2)

 
  

Desloratadine [24] (n = 1)

  

Dexamethasone [9] (n = 1)

Dexchlorpheniramine [23,25] (n = 2)

  
  

Dextromethorphan [22] (n = 1)

  

Diazepam [9,22-24,26] (n = 5)

Dicyclomine [9,19,24] (n = 3)

  
  

Digitoxin [9] (n = 1)

Digoxin [25] (n = 1)

 

Digoxin [9,23,24,26] (n = 4)

  

Diltiazem [9] (n = 1)

Dimenhydrinate [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Diphenhydramine [9,19,22,24] (n = 4)

  
  

Dipyridamole [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Disopyramide [9] (n = 1)

Disopyramide [24] (n = 1)

  

Divalproex sodium [9] (n = 1)

  

Domperidone [23] (n = 1)

 

Dothiepin/dosulepin [23] (n = 1)

 

Doxepin [9,22-24,26] (n = 5)

  

Doxylamine [24] (n = 1)

  

Emepronium [26] (n = 1)

  
  

Entacapone [19] (n = 1)

  

Escitalopram [23] (n = 1)

  

Estazolam [9] (n = 1)

  

Famotidine [9] (n = 1)

  

Fentanyl [9,24] (n = 2)

Fesoterodine [24] (n = 1)

  
 

Fexofenadine [22,23] (n = 2)

 

Flavoxate [9,24] (n = 2)

  
  

Fluoxetine [9,22,23,26] (n = 4)

Fluphenazine [19,23] (n = 2)

 

Fluphenazine [9] (n = 1)

  

Flurazepam [9] (n = 1)

  

Fluticasone-salmeterol [9] (n = 1)

  

Fluvoxamine [9,23,24,26] (n = 4)

Furosemide [25] (n = 1)

 

Furosemide [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Gentamicin [9] (n = 1)

  

Guaifenesin [22] (n = 1)

 

Haloperidol [23] (n = 1)

Haloperidol [19,24] (n = 2)

Homatropine [22] (n = 1)

  
  

Hydralazine [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Hydrocodone [22] (n = 1)

 
  

Hydrocortisone [9,24] (n = 2)

Hydroxyzine [9,19,24,25] (n = 4)

  

Hyoscyamine [9,19,24] (n = 3)

  
  

Iloperidone [24] (n = 1)

Imipramine [9,19,22-25] (n = 6)

  

Ipratropium [26] (n = 1)

  
  

Isosorbide [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Ketotifen [9] (n = 1)

  

Ketorolac [22] (n = 1)

  

Ketotifen [9] (n = 1)

  

Levocetirizine [24] (n = 1)

Levomepromazine [9,24,25] (n = 3)

  
  

Lithium [23] (n = 1)

 

Loperamide [19] (n = 1)

Loperamide [9,22-24] (n = 4)

 

Loratadine [19] (n = 1)

Loratadine [22-24] (n = 3)

  

Lorazepam [9] (n = 1)

 

Loxapine [9,24] (n = 2)

 
  

Lumiracoxib [23] (n = 1)

Maprotiline [25] (n = 1)

  

Meclizine/meclizine [9,19,24] (n = 3)

  
 

Meperidine [9,24] (n = 2)

 
  

Metformin [23] (n = 1)

 

Methadone [22] (n = 1)

 
  

Methocarbamol [19,22] (n = 2)

  

Methotrexate [23] (n = 1)

 

Methotrimeprazine [9,24] (n = 2)

 
  

Methylprednisolone [9] (n = 1)

  

Metoclopramide [19,23] (n = 2)

  

Metoprolol [22,24] (n = 2)

  

Midazolam [9] (n = 1)

  

Mirtazapine [19] (n = 1)

 

Molindone [9,24] (n = 2)

 
  

Morphine [9,22,24] (n = 3)

  

Naratriptan [23] (n = 1)

  

Nefazodone [22] (n = 1)

 

Nefopam [24] (n = 1)

 
  

Nifedipine [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Nizatidine [9] (n = 1)

Nortriptyline [9,22,24] (n = 3)

Nortriptyline [19,26] (n = 2)

 

Olanzapine [24] (n = 1)

Olanzapine [19,26] (n = 2)

Olanzapine [9,22] (n = 2)

Opipramol [25] (n = 1)

  

Orphenadrine [9,24-26] (n = 4)

  
  

Oxazepam [9,23] (n = 2)

 

Oxcarbazepine [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Oxybutynin [9,19,24-26] (n = 5)

Oxybutynin [23] (n = 1)

 
  

Oxycodone [9,22,23] (n = 3)

  

Paliperidone [24] (n = 1)

  

Pancuronium [9] (n = 1)

Paroxetine [24] (n = 1)

Paroxetine [22,23,26] (n = 3)

Paroxetine [9,19] (n = 2)

Perphenazine [19,24] (n = 2)

Perphenazine [22] (n = 1)

Perphenazine [9] (n = 1)

  

Phenelzine [9] (n = 1)

  

Phenobarbital [22] (n = 1)

 

Pimozide [9,24] (n = 2)

 
  

Piperacillin [9] (n = 1)

  

Pramipexole [19] (n = 1)

  

Prednisolone [9] (n = 1)

  

Prednisone [9,24] (n = 2)

 

Prochlorperazine [19,22,23] (n = 3)

Prochlorperazine [9] (n = 1)

Procyclidine [9] (n = 1)

  
 

Promazine [26] (n = 1)

 

Promethazine [9,19,24] (n = 3)

  

Propantheline [9,24] (n = 2)

Propantheline [22] (n = 1)

 

Propiverine [24] (n = 1)

  
 

Propoxyphene [22] (n= 1)

 

Protriptyline [9,23] (n = 2)

  
 

Pseudoephedrine [19,23] (n = 2)

 

Pyrilamine [9] (n = 1)

  

Quetiapine [24] (n = 1)

Quetiapine [22] (n = 1)

Quetiapine [19,26] (n = 2)

  

Quinidine [24] (n = 1)

 

Ranitidine [9,22] (n = 2)

Ranitidine [19,23,24,26] (n = 4)

Reglan [22] (n = 1)

  
  

Risperidone [19,22-24] (n = 4)

  

Robitussin [22] (n = 1)

Scopolamine(hyoscine) [9,22,24] (n = 3)

  
  

Selegiline [19] (n = 1)

  

Sertraline [9,22] (n = 2)

Solifenacin [24] (n = 1)

  
  

Sumatriptan [23] (n = 1)

  

Temazepam [9,19,23] (n = 3)

 

Theophylline [23,25] (n = 2)

Theophylline [9,24,26] (n = 3)

Thioridazine [9,19,22,24,26] (n = 5)

  

Thiothixene [19] (n = 1)

 

Thiothixene [9] (n = 1)

Tizanidine [19] (n = 1)

  

Tolterodine [9,22-25] (n = 5)

Tolterodine [19] (n = 1)

 
 

Tramadol [22,23] (n = 2)

Tramadol [9] (n = 1)

  

Trandolapril [22] (n = 1)

  

Trazodone [19,22,24] (n = 3)

  

Triamcinolone [9]

(n = 1)

  

Triamterene [9,24] (n = 2)

  

Triazolam [9,22] (n = 2)

Trifluoperazine [19,24] (n = 2)

 

Trifluoperazine [9] (n = 1)

Trihexyphenidyl [9,22,24-26] (n = 5)

  

Trimipramine [9,24-26] (n = 4)

  

Tropatepine [25] (n = 1)

  

Trospium [24] (n = 1)

  
  

Valproic acid [9] (n = 1)

  

Vancomycin [9] (n = 1)

  

Venlafaxine [22-24] (n = 3)

  

Warfarin [9] (n = 1)

  

Ziprasidone [19] (n = 1)

  

Zolmitriptan [23] (n = 1)

  1. Medicines in italics denote inconsistent validation.